Principles of General, Organic, Biological Chemistry
Principles of General, Organic, Biological Chemistry
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9780073511191
Author: Janice Gorzynski Smith Dr.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are the organic compounds that are obtained in foods and living matters in the shape of sugars, cellulose, and starch. The general formula of carbohydrates is Cn(H2O)2. The ratio of H and O present in carbohydrates is identical to water.
Starch
Starch is a polysaccharide carbohydrate that belongs to the category of polysaccharide carbohydrates.
Mutarotation
The rotation of a particular structure of the chiral compound because of the epimerization is called mutarotation. It is the repercussion of the ring chain tautomerism. In terms of glucose, this can be defined as the modification in the equilibrium of th…
L Sugar
A chemical compound that is represented with a molecular formula C6H12O6 is called L-(-) sugar. At the carbon’s 5th position, the hydroxyl group is placed to the compound’s left and therefore the sugar is represented as L(-)-sugar. It is capable of rotat…
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Chapter 18.2, Problem 18.2P
Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The equation for hydrolysis of GTP to GDP has to be written. Also, the sign of energy change has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Nucleotide is defined as basic unit for formation of nucleic acid that is essential for completion of metabolic reactions in body. The three basic components of nucleotide are as follows:

1. Nitrogen-containing base

2. Pentose sugar

3. Phosphate group

Nitrogen-containing base and pentose sugar are collectively known as nucleoside. When a phosphate group is attached with nucleoside then it is termed as nucleotide. Examples of nucleosides are GTP and ATP. Nucleotide on hydrolysis releases energy by cleavage of phosphoanhydride bond.

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If the phosphorylation of GDP to form GTP requires 7.3 kcal/mol of energy, how much energy is released when GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP?
Determine the direction that each of the reactions will progress. Assume that the reactants and products are present in equimolar amounts. The standard free energy of hydrolysis of ATP is –30.5 kJ/mol.   fructose+ATP ____fructose 6‑phosphate+ADP The standard free energy of hydrolysis for fructose 6‑phosphate is −15.9 kJ/mol.   3‑phosphoglycerate+ATP___1,3‑bisphosphoglycerate+ADP The standard free energy of hydrolysis for 1,3‑bisphosphoglycerate is −49.3 kJ/mol.   creatine+ATP___creatine phosphate+ADP The standard free energy of hydrolysis for creatine phosphate is –43.0 kJ/mol.
Trypanosomes living in the bloodstream obtain all their free energy from glycolysis. They take up glucose from the host’s blood and excrete pyruvate as a waste product. In this part of their life cycle, trypanosomes do not carry out any oxidative phosphorylation, but they do use another oxygen-dependent pathway, which is absent in mammals, to oxidize NADH. Would this pathway be necessary if the trypanosome excreted lactate rather than pyruvate? Explain.

Chapter 18 Solutions

Principles of General, Organic, Biological Chemistry

Ch. 18.1 - Prob. 18.1PCh. 18.2 - Prob. 18.2PCh. 18.2 - Prob. 18.3PCh. 18.2 - Prob. 18.4PCh. 18.3 - Prob. 18.5PCh. 18.3 - What makes riboflavin a water-soluble vitamin?Ch. 18.3 - Prob. 18.7PCh. 18.4 - Identify the type of carbonyl groups present in...Ch. 18.4 - Prob. 18.9PCh. 18.4 - Prob. 18.10P
Ch. 18.5 - Prob. 18.11PCh. 18.5 - (a) In what way(s) is the conversion of pyruvate...Ch. 18.6 - Prob. 18.15PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.31UKCCh. 18 - Prob. 18.32UKCCh. 18 - When a substrate is oxidized, is NAD+ oxidized or...Ch. 18 - When a substrate is reduced, is FADH2 oxidized or...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.35UKCCh. 18 - Prob. 18.36UKCCh. 18 - Prob. 18.39UKCCh. 18 - Prob. 18.40UKCCh. 18 - Prob. 18.41UKCCh. 18 - Prob. 18.42UKCCh. 18 - Prob. 18.45APCh. 18 - What is the difference between metabolism and...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.47APCh. 18 - Prob. 18.48APCh. 18 - Prob. 18.49APCh. 18 - Prob. 18.50APCh. 18 - Prob. 18.51APCh. 18 - Prob. 18.52APCh. 18 - Prob. 18.53APCh. 18 - Classify each substance as an oxidizing agent, a...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.55APCh. 18 - Prob. 18.56APCh. 18 - Prob. 18.58APCh. 18 - What is the role of each of the following in the...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.71APCh. 18 - Prob. 18.72AP
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