Study Guide and Solutions Manual for Essentials of Genetics
9th Edition
ISBN: 9780134189987
Author: William S. Klug, Michael R. Cummings, Charlotte A. Spencer, Michael A. Palladino, Harry Nickla
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 19, Problem 3CS
CASE STUDY |Cancer-killing bacteria
Ralph, a 57-year-old man, was diagnosed with colon cancer. His oncologist discussed the use of radiation and chemotherapy as treatments for this cancer and explained that each of these therapies kills actively dividing normal and cancer cells, causing debilitating side effects. Ralph decided to carefully review his options and went for a second opinion to a cancer clinic at a major teaching hospital. There he learned that researchers in a synthetic biology program were testing the use of genetically modified E. coli that selectively invade and kill cancer cells, with no effects on normal cells. Ralph decided to participate in this trial, and at an appointment to learn about the details, he was informed that he would be part of a Phase III trial, comparing the effectsof the modified bacterial cells against conventional chemotherapy. As part of the trial, he would be randomly assigned to receive one or the other treatment. He was disappointed to learn this, because he assumed that he would receive the bacterial therapy.
Or should he enroll on the chance that he would receive therapy using the genetically modified bacteria and that would be more effective than conventional therapy?
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. The website CBioPortal (http://www.cbioportal.org)is an exceptionally useful program for visualizing thecancer genes and genomes of tumors from thousandsof patients with different kinds of cancer that havebeen analyzed by whole genome sequencing and insome cases, by RNA-Seq.Go the the CBioPortal site and click All underSelect Cancer Study and in Enter Gene Set typePTEN, then hit Submit. On the page that is returnedyou will see how the coding region of the PTEN geneis altered in tumors investigated in the various studies.Hitting the tab Mutations will let you see the detailsof these mutations relative to the PTEN protein, whilethe tab Expression lets you see how the gene’s expression (in terms of cDNA reads) is altered in individual tumor samples.a. Is PTEN an oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene?What kinds of evidence lead you to this conclusion?b. What kinds of cancer are most likely to involvealterations of PTEN?c. How would you identify patients whose tumorcells are particularly…
Chapter 19 Solutions
Study Guide and Solutions Manual for Essentials of Genetics
Ch. 19 - CASE STUDY| Cancer-killing bacteria Ralph, a...Ch. 19 - CASE STUDY| Cancer-killing bacteria Ralph, a...Ch. 19 - CASE STUDY |Cancer-killing bacteria Ralph, a...Ch. 19 - HOW DO WE KNOW? In this chapter, we focused on a...Ch. 19 - Prob. 2PDQCh. 19 - Why are most recombinant human proteins produced...Ch. 19 - Prob. 4PDQCh. 19 - One of the major causes of sickness, death, and...Ch. 19 - Prob. 6PDQCh. 19 - Sequencing the human genome and the development of...
Ch. 19 - Prob. 8PDQCh. 19 - As genetic testing becomes widespread, medical...Ch. 19 - What limits the use of differences in restriction...Ch. 19 - Might it make sense someday to sequence every...Ch. 19 - What is the main purpose of genome-wide...Ch. 19 - Prob. 13PDQCh. 19 - Prob. 14PDQCh. 19 -
15. In 2013 the actress Angelina Jolie elected to...Ch. 19 - Prob. 16PDQCh. 19 - Should the FDA regulate direct-to-consumer genetic...Ch. 19 - Prob. 18PDQCh. 19 - Prob. 19PDQCh. 19 - Private companies are now offering personal DNA...Ch. 19 - Yeager, M., et al.(Nature Genetics 39: 645–649,...Ch. 19 - In March 2010 Judge R. Sweet ruled to invalidate...
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- Who Owns Your Genome? John Moore, an engineer working on the Alaska oil pipeline, was diagnosed in the mid-1970s with a rare and fatal form of cancer known as hairy cell leukemia. This disease causes overproduction of one type of white blood cell known as a T lymphocyte. Moore went to the UCLA Medical Center for treatment and was examined by Dr. David Golde, who recommended that Moores spleen be removed in an attempt to slow down or stop the cancer. For the next 8 years, John Moore returned to UCLA for checkups. Unknown to Moore, Dr. Golde and his research assistant applied for and received a patent on a cell line and products of that cell line derived from Moores spleen. The cell line, named Mo, produced a protein that stimulates the growth of two types of blood cells that are important in identifying and killing cancer cells. Arrangements were made with Genetics Institute, a small start-up company, and then Sandoz Pharmaceuticals, to develop the cell line and produce the growth-stimulating protein. Moore found out about the cell line and its related patents and filed suit to claim ownership of his cells and asked for a share of the profits derived from the sale of the cells or products from the cells. Eventually, the case went through three courts, and in July 1990n years after the case beganthe California Supreme Court ruled that patients such as John Moore do not have property rights over any cells or tissues removed from their bodies that are used later to develop drugs or other commercial products. This case was the first in the nation to establish a legal precedent for the commercial development and use of human tissue. The National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 prevents the sale of human organs. Current laws allow the sale of human tissues and cells but do not define ownership interests of donors. Questions originally raised in the Moore case remain largely unresolved in laws and public policy. These questions are being raised in many other cases as well. Who owns fetal and adult stem-cell lines established from donors, and who has ownership of and a commercial interest in diagnostic tests developed through cell and tissue donations by affected individuals? Who benefits from new genetic technologies based on molecules, cells, or tissues contributed by patients? Are these financial, medical, and ethical benefits being distributed fairly? What can be done to ensure that risks and benefits are distributed in an equitable manner? Gaps between technology, laws, and public policy developed with the advent of recombinant DNA technology in the 1970s, and in the intervening decades, those gaps have not been closed. These controversies are likely to continue as new developments in technology continue to outpace social consensus about their use. Should the physicians at UCLA have told Mr. Moore that his cells and its products were being commercially developed?arrow_forwardWho Owns Your Genome? John Moore, an engineer working on the Alaska oil pipeline, was diagnosed in the mid-1970s with a rare and fatal form of cancer known as hairy cell leukemia. This disease causes overproduction of one type of white blood cell known as a T lymphocyte. Moore went to the UCLA Medical Center for treatment and was examined by Dr. David Golde, who recommended that Moores spleen be removed in an attempt to slow down or stop the cancer. For the next 8 years, John Moore returned to UCLA for checkups. Unknown to Moore, Dr. Golde and his research assistant applied for and received a patent on a cell line and products of that cell line derived from Moores spleen. The cell line, named Mo, produced a protein that stimulates the growth of two types of blood cells that are important in identifying and killing cancer cells. Arrangements were made with Genetics Institute, a small start-up company, and then Sandoz Pharmaceuticals, to develop the cell line and produce the growth-stimulating protein. Moore found out about the cell line and its related patents and filed suit to claim ownership of his cells and asked for a share of the profits derived from the sale of the cells or products from the cells. Eventually, the case went through three courts, and in July 1990n years after the case beganthe California Supreme Court ruled that patients such as John Moore do not have property rights over any cells or tissues removed from their bodies that are used later to develop drugs or other commercial products. This case was the first in the nation to establish a legal precedent for the commercial development and use of human tissue. The National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 prevents the sale of human organs. Current laws allow the sale of human tissues and cells but do not define ownership interests of donors. Questions originally raised in the Moore case remain largely unresolved in laws and public policy. These questions are being raised in many other cases as well. Who owns fetal and adult stem-cell lines established from donors, and who has ownership of and a commercial interest in diagnostic tests developed through cell and tissue donations by affected individuals? Who benefits from new genetic technologies based on molecules, cells, or tissues contributed by patients? Are these financial, medical, and ethical benefits being distributed fairly? What can be done to ensure that risks and benefits are distributed in an equitable manner? Gaps between technology, laws, and public policy developed with the advent of recombinant DNA technology in the 1970s, and in the intervening decades, those gaps have not been closed. These controversies are likely to continue as new developments in technology continue to outpace social consensus about their use. Do you think that donors or patients who provide cells and/or tissues should retain ownership of their body parts or should share in any financial benefits that might derive from their use in research or commercial applications?arrow_forwardA researcher wants to study cancer cells from a patient with breast cancer. Is cloning the cancer cells an option?arrow_forward
- 1. Germline genetic editing is treated with great caution by scientists, what are the potential risks of germline genetic editing and if one day, germline gene editing were to become legal, what criteria do you think will have to be met first?arrow_forwardWhy is it important to model cancer through the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells ? Explain in detail the main findings. Please sort as a list.arrow_forwardDiscuss Concepts A forensic scientist obtained a small DNA sample from a crime scene. In order to examine the sample, he increased its quantity by cycling the sample through the polymerase chain reaction. He estimated that there were 50,000 copies of the DNA in his original sample. Derive a simple formula and calculate the number of copies he will have after15 cycles of the PCR.arrow_forward
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- Question:- Changes affecting tumor suppressors generally require _____ alleles to be affected in order to trigger transformation. one five or more two zeroarrow_forwardQuestion -The FDA has authorized the use of direct-to-consumer testing for three mutations in BRCA genes that elevate cancer risk, but cautions that a negative result does not rule out increased cancer risk. How can this be true? A. It is impossible to trust companies that are selling genetic tests. B. They have a conflict of interest, and so the tests should be used for entertainment value only C. These tests are not highly accurate, and false negatives are possible. Individuals with a family history should have a negative result confirmed with a different test to be sure they are truly at low risk of developing cancer There are more ways to get cancer than a mutation in the BRCA gene. D. The test only detects three out of more than 1,000 known BRCA mutations. This means a negative result does not rule out the possibility that an individual carries other BRCA mutations that increase cancer risk..arrow_forwardWhy is it important to model cancer through the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells ? Please explain in detailsarrow_forward
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