Study Guide and Solutions Manual for Essentials of Genetics
9th Edition
ISBN: 9780134189987
Author: William S. Klug, Michael R. Cummings, Charlotte A. Spencer, Michael A. Palladino, Harry Nickla
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 19, Problem 15PDQ
In 2013 the actress Angelina Jolie elected to have prophylactic double-mastectomy surgery to prevent breast cancer based on a positive test for mutation of the BRCA1 gene. What are some potential positive and negative consequences of this high-profile example of acting on the results of a genetic test?
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Chapter 19 Solutions
Study Guide and Solutions Manual for Essentials of Genetics
Ch. 19 - CASE STUDY| Cancer-killing bacteria Ralph, a...Ch. 19 - CASE STUDY| Cancer-killing bacteria Ralph, a...Ch. 19 - CASE STUDY |Cancer-killing bacteria Ralph, a...Ch. 19 - HOW DO WE KNOW? In this chapter, we focused on a...Ch. 19 - Prob. 2PDQCh. 19 - Why are most recombinant human proteins produced...Ch. 19 - Prob. 4PDQCh. 19 - One of the major causes of sickness, death, and...Ch. 19 - Prob. 6PDQCh. 19 - Sequencing the human genome and the development of...
Ch. 19 - Prob. 8PDQCh. 19 - As genetic testing becomes widespread, medical...Ch. 19 - What limits the use of differences in restriction...Ch. 19 - Might it make sense someday to sequence every...Ch. 19 - What is the main purpose of genome-wide...Ch. 19 - Prob. 13PDQCh. 19 - Prob. 14PDQCh. 19 -
15. In 2013 the actress Angelina Jolie elected to...Ch. 19 - Prob. 16PDQCh. 19 - Should the FDA regulate direct-to-consumer genetic...Ch. 19 - Prob. 18PDQCh. 19 - Prob. 19PDQCh. 19 - Private companies are now offering personal DNA...Ch. 19 - Yeager, M., et al.(Nature Genetics 39: 645–649,...Ch. 19 - In March 2010 Judge R. Sweet ruled to invalidate...
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- Although it is well known that X-rays cause mutations, they are routinely used to diagnose medical problems, including potential tumors, broken bones, and dental cavities. Why is this done? What precautions need to be taken?arrow_forwardThe Adaptive Immune Response Is a Specific Defense Against Infection In cystic fibrosis gene therapy, scientists propose the use of viral vectors to deliver normal genes to cells in the lungs. What immunological risks are involved in this procedure?arrow_forwardTwo genes associated with breast cancer, BRCA1 and BRCA2, were discovered in 1994 and 1995, respectively, and shortly thereafter, were patented by Myriad Genetics, a company based in Utah. Under the patents, testing for mutations in these genes could only be performed by Myriad, at costs from 300 to 3,000. Myriad also patented the process of analyzing the results of such tests, preventing anyone who obtains the sequence of their BRCA genes by other means (which itself would probably be patent infringement) from interpreting the information. The idea that genes can be patented has been a contentious issue from the beginning. Patents are not granted for products of nature, meaning that genes inside the body are not patentable, but biotech companies successfully argued that by removing a gene from the human body, purifying it, and then obtaining its DNA sequence, they created something not found in nature, and which is therefore a patentable invention. The U.S. Patent Office found the argument persuasive, but opponents argue that genes are parts of our bodies and can be identified but not invented. Biotech companies argue that without the protection offered by patents, they would have no incentive for research and development of diagnostic tests. In Europe, patents for BRCA1 and BRCA2 were revoked in 2004 because they did not meet the standards for a patent. After more than a decade of legal disputes, the patents were partially restored in 2008 on a very restricted basis. In the United States, a lawsuit, focused on the patents for the BRCA genes, was filed in May 2009. The suit challenges the basic idea that genes are patentable. In November 2009, the judge ruled that the lawsuit can proceed, and the case is moving forward. In March 2010, a federal court invalidated Myriad Genetics patent on these genes. In August 2011, the U.S. Court of Appeals reversed the lower courts decision and ruled that gene sequences isolated from cells are not a product of nature and are therefore patentable. The case went to the U.S. Supreme Court, which ordered the appeals court to reconsider the case. The Federal Appeals Court did not change its decision, and the case once again, went to the U.S. Supreme Court. A unanimous decision in June 2013 invalidated Myriads patents on the basis that isolating a gene from nature does not make it patentable. This is a landmark decision on gene patenting with widespread ramifications for the biotechnoloogy industry. Will this decision reduce the incentives for companies to invest in new diagnostic tests that would be used by cancer victims or those with serious genetic disorders?arrow_forward
- Describe what process leads to gene conversion. What are the consequences of gene conversion for carriers of genetic diseases, such as BRCA mutations?arrow_forwardOur understanding of the molecular biology of cancer formation has been greatly enhanced by studying oncogenic viruses. Answer the following questions regarding oncogenic retroviruses? What is an oncogene? How does if differ from a proto-oncogene? Why are retroviruses prone to accumulating oncogenes? Explain how a gain of function mutation in the Ras protein caused by a retrovirus might lead to cancer formationarrow_forwardGenetic tests that detect mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 oncogenes are widely available. These tests reveal a number of mutations in these genes—mutations that have been linked to familial breast cancer. Assume that a young woman in a suspected breast cancer family takes the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genetic tests and receives negative results. That is, she does not test positive for the mutant alleles of BRCA1 or BRCA2. Can she consider herself free of risk for breast cancer?arrow_forward
- mutations in breast cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1 & 2 principally cause with ? (a) nucleotide excision repair (b) translational fidelity (c) transcriptional fidelity (d) regulation of meiotic recombination at the Holiday Junction (e) Double Strand Break repairarrow_forwardA woman has just been diagnosed with breast cancer. Her doctor tells her that while cancer is a multifactorial disease, she carries the breast cancer susceptibility gene, BRCA1. One of her two identical twin 19-year-old daughters is afraid that she also may have inherited the gene.-What considerations would you give her daughter who is worried about inheriting the cancer gene?arrow_forwardIn experiments in which rat embryo fibroblasts are transfected with suspected oncogenes, introduction of which of the following genes transform the cells (select one)? A. Myc alone B. H-Ras alone C. E1A alone D. Both Myc and E1A together E. Both Myc and H-Ras togetherarrow_forward
- Retinitis pigmentosa refers to a group of conditions that cause night blindness and loss of peripheral vision before age 20. A form of X-linked retinitis pigmentosa is caused by a frameshift mutation that deletes 199 amino acids. How can a simple mutation have such a great effect?arrow_forwardIn the experiment summarized below, scientists were examining the presence of specific sequences in individuals with age. In this experiment they extracted DNA from lymphocytes of various aged individuals and measured the length of a TTAGGG (in kb) repeat they found in their genomic DNA (Left Panel). In the right panel, the scientists measured the length of the same repeats in individuals with lymphocyte failure (red dots most severely effected) that have a mutation in a critical enzyme. Answer the following questions in 2-3 sentences each. A. What is the name of the specific sequence the scientists are measuring in the experiment shown below. B. For the individuals with lymphocyte pathology in the right panel, which gene is likely defective that causes the data shown? C. Explain why the length of the repeat sequence decreases with age.arrow_forwardDNA sequencing has provided data to indicate that cancer cells may contain tens of thousands of somatic mutations, only some of which confer a growth advantage to a cancer cell. How do scientists describe and categorize these recently discovered populations of mutations in cancer cells?arrow_forward
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