Concept explainers
BIO Signals in nerve cells stimulate muscles The input end of a human nerve cell is connected to an output end by a long, thin, cylindrical axon. A signal at the input end is caused by a stretch sensor, a temperature sensor, contact with another cell or nerve or some other stimulus. At the output end, the nerve signal can stimulate a muscle cell to perform a function (to contract provide information to the brain etc).
The axon of a so-called unmyelinated human nerve cell has a radius of
When an external source stimulates the input end of the nerve cell so the potential inside reaches about -50 mV, gates or channels in the membrane walls near that input open and sodium ions rush into the axon. This simulates neighboring gates to swing open and sodium ions rush into the axon farther along. This disturbance quickly travels along the axon—a nerve impulse. The potential across the inside of the membrane changes in 0.5 ms from 70 mV to + 30 mV relative to the outside. Immediately after this depolarization potassium ion gates open and positively charged potassium ions rush out of the axon, repolarizing the axon. Sodium and potassium ion pumps then return the axon and its membrane to their original configuration.
The charge density on the axon membrane walls (positive outside and negative inside) is
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