ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY V1. W/CONNECT
15th Edition
ISBN: 9781259723384
Author: SALADIN
Publisher: MCG CUSTOM
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Chapter 19, Problem 8TYR
Summary Introduction
Introduction:
Cardiac muscles made of cardiomyocytes have extensive membrane-carrying potential that is essential for the heart conduction system. They undergo depolarization and repolarization by the mode of calcium channel system.
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During the refractory period a second action potential______.
A
cannot occur because voltage-gated Na+ channels are inactivated
B
cannot occur because the heart muscle cell has already returned to resting potential
C
can be initiated more easily because the threshold potential is reduced
D
can be initiated more easily because the calcium level in the sarcoplasm is increased
Increased action potentials from the sympathetic nervous system would cause which of the following?
a.
release of acetylcholine at sinuatrial nodal cells
b.
release of acetylcholine at cardiac muscle cells
c.
increased strength of contraction
d.
decreased heart rate
Heart muscle cells ______.
A
will not contract unless acetylcholine is released at a neuromuscular junction
B
use glucose as their primary energy source and are easily damaged by hypoglycemia
C
have gap junctions that allow action potentials to be transmitted from one cell to the next
D
"are very long, with individual cells running the entire length of the heart"
Chapter 19 Solutions
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY V1. W/CONNECT
Ch. 19.1 - Prob. 1AYLOCh. 19.1 - Names of the great vessels directly connected to...Ch. 19.1 - Prob. 3AYLOCh. 19.1 - Prob. 4AYLOCh. 19.2 - Prob. 1AYLOCh. 19.2 - Relative thickness of the myocardium in different...Ch. 19.2 - Structure and function of the fibrous skeleton of...Ch. 19.2 - Prob. 4AYLOCh. 19.2 - Names and synonyms for all four valves of the...Ch. 19.2 - Prob. 6AYLO
Ch. 19.2 - Prob. 7AYLOCh. 19.2 - Prob. 8AYLOCh. 19.2 - Prob. 9AYLOCh. 19.2 - Prob. 10AYLOCh. 19.2 - Anatomy of the major veins that drain the...Ch. 19.2 - Prob. 3BYGOCh. 19.3 - Prob. 1AYLOCh. 19.3 - Prob. 2AYLOCh. 19.3 - Components, of the cardiac conduction system and...Ch. 19.3 - Prob. 4AYLOCh. 19.4 - Prob. 1AYLOCh. 19.4 - Prob. 2AYLOCh. 19.4 - The mechanism that causes cells of the SA node to...Ch. 19.4 - The spread of excitation through the atria, AV...Ch. 19.4 - Prob. 5AYLOCh. 19.4 - Prob. 6AYLOCh. 19.4 - Prob. 7AYLOCh. 19.5 - Prob. 1AYLOCh. 19.5 - Prob. 2AYLOCh. 19.5 - Prob. 3AYLOCh. 19.5 - Prob. 4AYLOCh. 19.5 - In each phase of the cardiac cycle, which chambers...Ch. 19.5 - The typical duration, in seconds, of atrial...Ch. 19.5 - Prob. 7AYLOCh. 19.5 - Prob. 8AYLOCh. 19.6 - The definition of cardiac output (CO); how it can...Ch. 19.6 - Prob. 2AYLOCh. 19.6 - Prob. 3AYLOCh. 19.6 - Prob. 4AYLOCh. 19.6 - Prob. 5AYLOCh. 19.6 - Mechanisms by which sympathetic and...Ch. 19.6 - Prob. 7AYLOCh. 19.6 - Prob. 8AYLOCh. 19.6 - Mechanisms by which epinephrine and...Ch. 19.6 - Prob. 10AYLOCh. 19.6 - Prob. 11AYLOCh. 19.6 - Prob. 12AYLOCh. 19.6 - Prob. 13AYLOCh. 19.6 - Prob. 14AYLOCh. 19.6 - Conditions that increase afterload: the effect of...Ch. 19.6 - Prob. 16AYLOCh. 19.6 - Why stroke volume may be unusually high and...Ch. 19 - atrio-Ch. 19 - brady-Ch. 19 - Prob. 3BYMVCh. 19 - Prob. 4BYMVCh. 19 - lun-Ch. 19 - Prob. 6BYMVCh. 19 - Prob. 7BYMVCh. 19 - Prob. 8BYMVCh. 19 - Prob. 9BYMVCh. 19 - Prob. 10BYMVCh. 19 - The cardiac conduction system includes all of the...Ch. 19 - Prob. 2TYRCh. 19 - Assume that one ventricle of a childs heart has...Ch. 19 - Prob. 4TYRCh. 19 - Prob. 5TYRCh. 19 - Prob. 6TYRCh. 19 - The atria contract during a. the first heart...Ch. 19 - Prob. 8TYRCh. 19 - Prob. 9TYRCh. 19 - Prob. 10TYRCh. 19 - The contraction of any heart chamber is called and...Ch. 19 - Prob. 12TYRCh. 19 - The circumflex artery travels in a groove called...Ch. 19 - Prob. 14TYRCh. 19 - Electrical signals pass quickly from one...Ch. 19 - Repolarization of the ventricles produces the of...Ch. 19 - Prob. 17TYRCh. 19 - Prob. 18TYRCh. 19 - Blood in the heart chambers is separated from the...Ch. 19 - The Frank-Starling law of the heart explains why...Ch. 19 - Prob. 1WWTSCh. 19 - One-way valves prevent atrial systole from driving...Ch. 19 - Prob. 3WWTSCh. 19 - Prob. 4WWTSCh. 19 - Prob. 5WWTSCh. 19 - Prob. 6WWTSCh. 19 - If all nerves to the heart were severed, the heart...Ch. 19 - If the two pulmonary arteries were clamped shut,...Ch. 19 - Unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle cells do...Ch. 19 - An electrocardiogram is a tracing of the action...Ch. 19 - Prob. 1TYCCh. 19 - Prob. 2TYCCh. 19 - Becky, age 2, was born with a hole in her...Ch. 19 - Prob. 4TYCCh. 19 - Prob. 5TYCCh. 19 - Prob. 1BYGOCh. 19 - Prob. 2BYGOCh. 19 - BEFORE YOU GO ON
3. Name the three layers of the...Ch. 19 - Prob. 4BYGOCh. 19 - Prob. 5BYGOCh. 19 - Prob. 6BYGOCh. 19 - Prob. 7BYGOCh. 19 - Prob. 8BYGOCh. 19 - Prob. 9BYGOCh. 19 - Prob. 10BYGOCh. 19 - BEFORE YOU GO ON
11. What exactly is an...Ch. 19 - Prob. 12BYGOCh. 19 - Prob. 13BYGOCh. 19 - Prob. 14BYGOCh. 19 - Prob. 15BYGOCh. 19 - BEFORE YOU GO ON
16. How does the pacemaker...Ch. 19 - BEFORE YOU GO ON
17. Why is it important that the...Ch. 19 - Prob. 18BYGOCh. 19 - Prob. 19BYGOCh. 19 - Prob. 20BYGOCh. 19 - Prob. 21BYGOCh. 19 - BEFORE YOU GO ON
22. What factors are thought to...Ch. 19 - Prob. 23BYGOCh. 19 - Prob. 24BYGOCh. 19 - Prob. 25BYGOCh. 19 - Prob. 26BYGOCh. 19 - Prob. 27BYGOCh. 19 - Prob. 28BYGO
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- The muscle cells of a heart chamber work as a functional syncytium. In terms of heart function this means... A) All the cardiac muscle cells are controlled by one motor neuron, resulting in coordinated contraction. B) All the cardiac muscle cells are electrically connected by gap junctions, resulting in coordinated contraction. C) All the cardiac muscle cells are stimulated to contract by hormone release, resulting in near-coordinated contraction. D) All the cardiac muscle cells contract independently of each other (fibrillation).arrow_forwardCan cardiac muscle exhibit (normally or under experimental conditions) summation or complete tetanus as does skeletal muscle? Why not? (highlight the main answer)arrow_forwardExplain the concept of tetany in skeletal muscle. Can cardiac muscle be tetanized? Explain the physiological significance of your answer.arrow_forward
- Which of the following would NOT result from an increase in sympathetic stimulation of the heart? A increased force of ventricular contraction B increased calcium concentration in the fluid surrounding the actin and myosin during contraction C increased heart rate D increased number of motor units activated E increased cardiac outputarrow_forwardUnlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle doesn’t undergo tetany. Explain how this is achieved and why is this necessary?arrow_forwardIn humans, the pacemaker of the cardiac muscle cells is stimulated to increase contraction rate by__ ?__ nerves: a) somatic sensory b) cerebellum c) sympathetic d) parasympatheticarrow_forward
- Which of the following is unique to cardiac musclecells?a. Only cardiac muscle contains a sarcoplasmicreticulum.b. Only cardiac muscle has gap junctions.c. Only cardiac muscle is capable ofautorhythmicityd. Only cardiac muscle has a high concentration ofmitochondria.arrow_forwardOnly one is correct Contraction of cardiac muscle is initiated during which phase of the fast action potential? What ion mediates this effect? A. Phase 0 due to Ca++ entry B. Phase 1 due to Na+ entry and K+ exit C. Phase 2 due to Ca++ entry D. Phase 4 due to K+ exit Group of answer choices Phase 2 due to Ca++ entry Phase 1 due to Na+ entry and K+ exit Phase 0 due to Ca++ entry Phase 4 due to K+ exitarrow_forwardNodal (conductile) cells in the heart differ from other myocardiocytes (contractile cells) in that nodal cells have_____. A channels that allow Na+ to slowly leak in between action potentials B gap junctions while other myocardiocytes do not C more rapid depolarization in their action potentials due to voltage-gated Na+ channels D action potentials without plateau phases because they lack Ca+2 channelsarrow_forward
- This diagram shows a _______ and the green things being released into the space are _____. A. cardiac pace maker cell; calcium B. sarcoplasmic reticulum; calcium C. synapse; Sodium ions D. neuromuscular junction; neurotransmittersarrow_forwardWhen a higher voltage is applied to the skeletal muscle, the force of contraction _____ and recruitment of more motor units occurs called ________ summation. A. increases, spatial B. increases, temporal C. decreases, temporal D. decreases, spatialarrow_forwardEpinephrine is the chief neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system. What effect would you expect it to have on the contractions of cardiac muscle? Explain.arrow_forward
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