PHYSICS F/SCI.+ENGINEERS-ACCESS
4th Edition
ISBN: 9780131992269
Author: GIANCOLI
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 20.9, Problem 1EE
To determine
The probability of finding atleast two heads.
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Chapter 20 Solutions
PHYSICS F/SCI.+ENGINEERS-ACCESS
Ch. 20.2 - An adiabatic process is defined as one in which no...Ch. 20.3 - A motor is running with an intake temperature TH =...Ch. 20.6 - A 1.00.kg piece of ice at 0C melts very slowly to...Ch. 20.9 - Prob. 1EECh. 20 - Prob. 1QCh. 20 - Can you warm a kitchen in winter by leaving the...Ch. 20 - Would a definition of heat engine efficiency as e...Ch. 20 - What plays the role of high-temperature and...Ch. 20 - Which will give the greater improvement in the...Ch. 20 - The oceans contain a tremendous amount of thermal...
Ch. 20 - Discuss the factors that keep real engines from...Ch. 20 - Prob. 8QCh. 20 - Describe a process in nature that is nearly...Ch. 20 - (a) Describe how heat could be added to a system...Ch. 20 - Suppose a gas expands to twice its original volume...Ch. 20 - Give three examples, other than those mentioned in...Ch. 20 - Which do you think has the greater entropy, 1 kg...Ch. 20 - (a) What happens if you remove the lid of a bottle...Ch. 20 - Prob. 15QCh. 20 - Prob. 16QCh. 20 - Prob. 17QCh. 20 - The first law of thermodynamics is sometimes...Ch. 20 - Powdered milk is very slowly (quasistatically)...Ch. 20 - Two identical systems are taken from state a to...Ch. 20 - It can he said that the total change in entropy...Ch. 20 - Use arguments, other than the principle of entropy...Ch. 20 - (I) A heat engine exhausts 7800 J of heat while...Ch. 20 - (I) A certain power plant puts out 580 MW of...Ch. 20 - (II) A typical compact car experiences a total...Ch. 20 - (II) A four-cylinder gasoline engine has an...Ch. 20 - (II) The burning of gasoline in a car releases...Ch. 20 - (II) Figure 2017 is a PV diagram for a reversible...Ch. 20 - (III) The operation of a diesel engine can be...Ch. 20 - (I) What is the maximum efficiency of a heat...Ch. 20 - (I) It is not necessary that a heat engines hot...Ch. 20 - (II) A heal engine exhausts its heat at 340C and...Ch. 20 - (II) (a) Show that the work done by a Carnot...Ch. 20 - (II) A Carnot engines operating temperatures are...Ch. 20 - (II) A nuclear power plant operates at 65% of its...Ch. 20 - (II) A Carnot engine performs work at the rate of...Ch. 20 - (II) Assume that a 65 kg hiker needs 4.0 103 kcal...Ch. 20 - (II) A particular car does work at the rate of...Ch. 20 - (II) A heat engine utilizes a heat source at 580C...Ch. 20 - (II) The working substance of a certain Carnot...Ch. 20 - (III) A Carnot cycle, shown in Fig. 20-7, has the...Ch. 20 - (III) One mole of monatomic gas undergoes a Carnot...Ch. 20 - (III) In an engine that approximates the Otto...Ch. 20 - (I) If an ideal refrigerator keeps its contents at...Ch. 20 - (I) The low temperature of a freezer cooling coil...Ch. 20 - (II) An ideal (Carnot) engine has an efficiency of...Ch. 20 - (II) An ideal heal pump is used to maintain the...Ch. 20 - (II) A restaurant refrigerator has a coefficient...Ch. 20 - (II) A heat pump is used to keep a house warm at...Ch. 20 - (II) (a) Given that the coefficient of performance...Ch. 20 - (II) A Carnot refrigerator (reverse of a Carnot...Ch. 20 - (II) A central heat pump updating as an air...Ch. 20 - (II) What volume of water at 0C can a freezer make...Ch. 20 - (I) What is the change in entropy of 250g of steam...Ch. 20 - (I) A 7.5-kg box having an initial speed of 4.0m/s...Ch. 20 - (I) What is the change in entropy of 1.00 m3 of...Ch. 20 - (II) If 1.00m3 of water at 0C is frozen and cooled...Ch. 20 - (II) If 0.45kg f water at 100C is changed by a...Ch. 20 - (II) An aluminum rod conducts 9.50 cal/s from a...Ch. 20 - (II) A 2.8-kg piece of aluminum at 43.0C is placed...Ch. 20 - (II) An ideal gas expands isothermally (T = 410 K)...Ch. 20 - (II) When 2.0 kg of water at 12.0C is mixed with...Ch. 20 - (II) (a) An ice cube of mass m at 0C is placed in...Ch. 20 - (II) The temperature of 2.0mol of an ideal...Ch. 20 - (II) Calculate the change in entropy of 1.00kg of...Ch. 20 - (II) An ideal gas of n moles undergoes the...Ch. 20 - (II) Two samples of an ideal gas are initially at...Ch. 20 - (II) A 150-g insulated aluminum cup at 15C is...Ch. 20 - (II) (a) Why would you expect the total entropy...Ch. 20 - (II) 1.00 mole of nitrogen (N2) gas and 1.00 mole...Ch. 20 - (II) Thermodynamic processes are sometimes...Ch. 20 - (III) The specific heat per mole of potassium at...Ch. 20 - (III) Consider an ideal gas of n moles with molar...Ch. 20 - (III) A general theorem states that the amount of...Ch. 20 - (III) Determine the work available in a 3.5-kg...Ch. 20 - (I) Use Eq. 2014 to determine the entropy of each...Ch. 20 - (II) Suppose that you repeatedly shake six coins...Ch. 20 - (II) Calculate the relative probabilities, when...Ch. 20 - (II) (a) Suppose you have four coins, all with...Ch. 20 - Prob. 58PCh. 20 - (II) Energy may be stored for use during peak...Ch. 20 - (II) Solar cells (Fig. 20-22) can produce about...Ch. 20 - Prob. 61PCh. 20 - It has been suggested that a heat engine could be...Ch. 20 - A heat engine takes a diatomic gas around the...Ch. 20 - A 126.5-g insulated aluminum cup at 18.00C is...Ch. 20 - (a) At a steam power plant, steam engines work in...Ch. 20 - (II) Refrigeration units can be rated in tons. A...Ch. 20 - Prob. 67GPCh. 20 - (a) What is the coefficient of performance of an...Ch. 20 - The operation of a certain heat engine takes an...Ch. 20 - A car engine whose output power is 155 hp operates...Ch. 20 - Suppose a power plant delivers energy at 850 MW...Ch. 20 - 1.00 mole of an ideal monatomic gas at STP first...Ch. 20 - Two 1100-kg cars are traveling 75 km/h in opposite...Ch. 20 - Metabolizing 1.0 kg of fat results in about 3.7 ...Ch. 20 - A cooling unit for a new freezer has an inner...Ch. 20 - Prob. 76GPCh. 20 - The Stirling cycle shown in Fig 20-27, is useful...Ch. 20 - A gas turbine operates under the Brayton cycle,...Ch. 20 - Thermodynamic processes can be represented not...Ch. 20 - An aluminum can, with negligible heat capacity, is...Ch. 20 - Prob. 81GPCh. 20 - A bowl contains a large number of red, orange, and...
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- For a certain metal the stiffness of the interatomic bond and the mass of one atom are such that the spacing of the quantum oscillator energy levels is 8.0e-23 J. A nanoparticle of this metal consisting of 8 atoms has a total thermal energy of 112e-23 J. What is the entropy of this nanoparticle?arrow_forwardConsider a case of n particles and two compartments, if n1 is the number of particles in one compartment and remaining n2=n-n1 particles in other compartment, then the number of microstates in the macrostate (n1, n-n1) or thermodynamic probability isarrow_forwardConsider a one-dimensional gas consisting of N = 5 particles each of which has the same speed v, but can move in one of two directions with equal probability. The velocity of each particle is independent. What is the probability that all particles are moving in the same direction?arrow_forward
- A particle near earth's surface traveling faster than about 11 km/s has enough kinetic energy to completely escape from the earth, despite earth's gravitational pull. Molecules in the upper atmosphere that are moving faster than this will therefore escape if they do not suffer any collisions on the way out.(a) The temperature of earth's upper atmosphere is actually quite high, around 1000 K. Calculate the probability of a nitrogen molecule at this temperature moving faster than 11 km/s, and comment on the result.(b) Repeat the calculation for a hydrogen molecule (H2) and for a helium atom, and discuss the implications.(c) Escape speed from the moon's surface is only about 2.4 km/s. Explain why the moon has no atmosphere.arrow_forwardWhat is the probability that a number n, 1 ≤ n ≤ 99, is divisible by both 6 and 10? By either 6 or 10 or both?arrow_forwardRather than insisting that all the molecules be in the left half of a container, suppose we only require that they be in the leftmost 99% (leaving the remaining 1% completely empty). What is the probability of finding such an arrangement if there are 100 molecules in the container? What if there are 10,000 molecules? What if there are 1023 ?arrow_forward
- In the canonical ensemble, we control the variables T, p, and N, and the fundamental function is the Gibbs free energy (G). But if we control T, p, and μ, then we will have a different fundamental function, Z (This is the case for cells that often regulate their temperature, pressure, and chemical potentials to maintain equilibrium). Which of the below options should the Z function equal? H - TS - μN H + TS + μN H + TS - μN G + μN F - pV - μN -H + TS + μNarrow_forwardWhat is the ratio of the probability of finding a molecule moving with the average speed to the probability of finding a molecule moving with 3 times the average speed? How does this ratio depend on temperature?arrow_forwardWhy is the entropy higher for a system with 5 particles with energy states >1 than for a system with 5 particles with energy states less than or equal to 1?arrow_forward
- The Type K thermocouple has a sensitivity of about 41 micro-Volts/℃, i.e. for each degree difference in the junction temperature, the output changes by 41 micro-Volts. If you have a 32-bit ADC, what is the smallest temperature change you can detect if the ADC range is 10 V? Try leaving the answer as a decimal with significant digits: e.g., 0.00004100.arrow_forwardConsider a discrete random variable X with 2n+1 symbols xi, i = 1, 2, …, 2n+1. Determine the upper and lower bounds on the entropy when (a) p(x1)=0 (b) p(x1)=1/2arrow_forwardPlease explain why decreasing the total energy of the system make atoms more likely to stick togetherarrow_forward
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