Biology (MindTap Course List)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781337392938
Author: Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 21, Problem 17TYU
INTERPRET DATA Evidence for the oldest cyanobacterial fossils (as stromatolites) dates to about 2 billion years, but molecular evidence inferred from lipids in ancient rocks puts the date for living cyanobacteria and eukaryotes at 2.7 billion years. Develop two opposing hypotheses to explain the discrepancy between the dates.
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Which bits of evidence would convince you that life originated as early as 3.2 bya?
a. You look at a microfossil under a scanning electron microscope and it is the same shape as a cell.
b. A high-quality transmission electron micrograph of a fossil cell reveals cellular compartments, including a possible nucleus.
c. Potassium dating of a fossil containing a possible cell indicates that the fossil is 3.2 billion years old.
d. Using transmission and scanning electron microscopy, you find evidence of a carbon-based material in what appears to be a cell wall of a fossil isotopically dated as 3.2 billion years old.
Give explanation
Which of the following statements is TRUE based on the phylogenetic tree shown?
a) Bacteria and archaea are equally related to to eukarya
b) Plants and ciliates are more closely related than plants and animals
c) Green sulfur bacterial are more closely related to archaea than the Thermotogales
d) Methanosarcina and Haloarchaea are equally related to Methanococcus
e) Flavobacteria are the last common ancestor between bacteria and eukarya
The answer to the question of how eukaryotic cells evolved has been suggested in the Endosymbiotic Theory. Provide at least 4 pieces of evidence to support this theory.
Chapter 21 Solutions
Biology (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 21.1 - Describe the conditions that scientists think...Ch. 21.1 - Compare the prebiotic soup hypothesis with the...Ch. 21.1 - Prob. 1CCh. 21.1 - How does the ironsulfur world hypothesis differ...Ch. 21.2 - Outline the major steps hypothesized to have...Ch. 21.2 - Explain how the evolution of photosynthetic...Ch. 21.2 - Prob. 5LOCh. 21.2 - Prob. 1CCh. 21.2 - Prob. 2CCh. 21.2 - VISUALIZE Draw a simple sketch illustrating the...
Ch. 21.3 - Briefly describe the distinguishing organisms and...Ch. 21.3 - What is the correct order of appearance in the...Ch. 21.3 - Prob. 2CCh. 21.3 - What is the correct order of appearance in the...Ch. 21 - Energy, the absence of molecular oxygen, chemical...Ch. 21 - Prob. 2TYUCh. 21 - Prob. 3TYUCh. 21 - According to the hypothesis of serial...Ch. 21 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 21 - Prob. 6TYUCh. 21 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 21 - The time of greatest evolutionary diversification...Ch. 21 - Prob. 9TYUCh. 21 - The Age of Reptiles corresponds to the (a)...Ch. 21 - Evidence exists that a catastrophic collision...Ch. 21 - Flowering plants and mammals diversified and...Ch. 21 - Prob. 13TYUCh. 21 - EVOLUTION LINK If you were studying how...Ch. 21 - EVOLUTION LINK If living cells were produced in a...Ch. 21 - EVOLUTION LINK Why did the evolution of...Ch. 21 - INTERPRET DATA Evidence for the oldest...
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- Explain how the discovery of cytoskeletal elements in prokaryotes contributed to the current understanding of the endosymbiont theory.arrow_forwardFossilized stromatolites(A) formed around deep-sea vents.(B) resemble structures formed by bacterial communities that are found today in some shallowmarine bays.(C) provide evidence that plants moved onto landin the company of fungi around 500 million years ago.(D) contain the first undisputed fossils of eukaryotes.arrow_forwardWhich phylogenetic model proposes that all three domains of life evolved from a pool of primitive prokaryotes? a. tree of life b. web of life c. ring of life d. network modelarrow_forward
- Here is the question: What was the likely source of the raw material incorporated into the first life forms? I believe it is carbon, but I don't know why it is carbon. What I mean is, why is carbon considered the thing that makes something alive? Why are eukaryotes and prokaryotes simply considered alive just because they have carbon. Would that mean that carbon is alive because carbon has carbon? I would appreciate an anwser because I'm really trying to understand everything I run across. I love educating myself and I'm on a quest for knowledge. Thanks guys!arrow_forwardWhich of the following steps has not yet been accomplished byscientists studying the origin of life?(A) synthesis of small RNA polymers by ribozymes(B) formation of molecular aggregates with selectivelypermeable membranes(C) formation of protocells that use DNA to direct thepolymerization of amino acids(D) abiotic synthesis of organic moleculesarrow_forwardMitochondria and chloroplasts contain some DNA, which more closely resembles prokaryotic DNA than (eukaryotic) nuclear DNA. Use this information to suggest how eukaryotes may have originated.arrow_forward
- Describe how scientists have tested the hypothesis that simpleorganic molecules could have formed on the early Eartharrow_forwardDescribe the features of mitochondria and chloroplasts that support the endosymbiotic theory.arrow_forwardChronologically arrange the evolutionary events with 1 being the earliest and 6 the most recent. ____ 1 a. Onset of oxygen-releasing pathway of photosynthesis ____ 2 b.Liquid water appears ____ 3 c.Origin of protocells ____ 4 d. Emmergence of the first eukaryotes ____ 5 e. Origin of chloroplasts ____ 6 f. The big bangarrow_forward
- Discuss the Endosymbiotic Theory. Do you think it is a strong explanation on how the eukaryotes emerged on Earth?arrow_forwardPart 1: Use this image to describe the relationship between H, F. and D, including how closely they are related to each other, and determine the most recent common ancestor for these species. Part 2: Using the above image, estimate how long ago the common ancestor for H, F, and D lived. Part 3: Of species H, F, and D, which have gone extinct without producing any evolutionary descendants? Provide evidence to support your answer.arrow_forwardWhat do the multiple branching points at the root of the eukaryotic phylogenetic tree indicate about the evolution of eukaryotes? A. that unikonts are derived from the SAR clade B. that Archaeplastids were the first eukaryotes C. that fungi are more closely related to plants than animals D. that eukaryotes are all descended from a common ancestorarrow_forward
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