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Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The balanced reaction for the formation of the sol by hydrolysis of a stoichiometric mixture of aluminum ethoxide and tetraethoxysilane has to be calculated.
Concept introduction:
Balanced reaction is a
Steps in balancing the information
- Step 1: Write the unbalanced equation
- Step 2: Find the coefficient to balance the equation.
The coefficient should be reduced to the smallest whole number.
Sol-gel process:
- Sol-gel method: Metal alkoxide, (obtained from metal and alcohol) undergoes hydrolysis and yields metal hydroxide. These metal hydroxides are known as sol and they are fine particle. Further, metal hydroxides combined together to form oxygen bridges by eliminating water. Sol linked together through a three dimensional network of oxygen bridges in which is sol is converted to a material known as gel. By heating water and solvents are removed to get metal oxide
- Particles of the sol link together through a three dimensional network of oxygen bridges and the sol is converted to a more rigid gelatin like material called gel.
(b)
Interpretation:
The reaction that converts the sol to gel has to be explained.
Concept introduction:
Sol-gel process:
- Sol-gel method: Metal alkoxide, (obtained from metal and alcohol) undergoes hydrolysis and yields metal hydroxide. These metal hydroxides are known as sol and they are fine particle. Further, metal hydroxides combined together to form oxygen bridges by eliminating water. Sol linked together through a three dimensional network of oxygen bridges in which is sol is converted to a material known as gel. By heating water and solvents are removed to get metal oxide.
- Particles of the sol link together through a three dimensional network of oxygen bridges and the sol is converted to a more rigid gelatin like material called gel.
(c)
Interpretation:
The additional step requires that converts the gel to the ceramic has to be explained.
Concept introduction:
Sol-gel process:
- Sol-gel method: Metal alkoxide, (obtained from metal and alcohol) undergoes hydrolysis and yields metal hydroxide. These metal hydroxides are known as sol and they are fine particle. Further, metal hydroxides combined together to form oxygen bridges by eliminating water. Sol linked together through a three dimensional network of oxygen bridges in which is sol is converted to a material known as gel. By heating water and solvents are removed to get metal oxide.
- Particles of the sol link together through a three dimensional network of oxygen bridges and the sol is converted to a more rigid gelatin like material called gel.
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Chapter 21 Solutions
Masteringchemistry with Pearson Etext -- Standalone Access Code Card -- For General Chemistry
- Write the role of the following: (i) Iodine in the refining of zirconium (ii) Silica in the extraction of copper from copper matte.arrow_forward(а) Give an example of zone refining of metals. (b) What is the role of cryolite in the metallurgy of aluminium?arrow_forwardSilicon carbide (SiC) is made by the high-temperature reaction of silica sand (quartz) with coke; the byproduct is carbon monoxide.(a) Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction.(b) Calculate the standard enthalpy change per mole of SiC produced.(c) Predict (qualitatively) the following physical properties of silicon carbide: conductivity, melting point, and hardness.arrow_forward
- What is the colour of FeSO4.7H2O crystals? How does this colour change upon heating? Give balanced chemical equation for the changes.arrow_forward(i) Name the method of refining of metals such as Germanium.(ii) In the extraction of Al, impure Al2O3 is dissolved in cone. NaOH to form sodium aluminate and leaving impurities behind. What is the name of this process?(iii) What is the role of coke in the extraction of iron from its oxides?arrow_forward(1) Diamond and graphite are two minerals with identical chemical compositions, pure carbon (C). Diamond is the hardest of all minerals, and graphite is one of the softest. If their compositions are identical, why do they have such profound differences in physical properties? (2) silicon and oxygen together make up nearly 75 percent by weight of the Earth's crust. But silicate minerals make up more than 95 percent of the crust. Explain the apparent discrepancy. (3) If you were given a crystal of diamond and another of quartz, how would you tell which is diamond? (4) Would you expect minerais found on the Moon, Mars, or Venus to be different from those of the Earth's crust? Explain your answer. (5) Quartz is Si02. Why does no mineral exist with the composition Si03?arrow_forward
- Determine if each statement is true or false: (a) Substitutionalalloys are solid solutions, but interstitial alloys areheterogenous alloys. (b) Substitutional alloys have “solute”atoms that replace “solvent” atoms in a lattice, but interstitialalloys have “solute” atoms that are in between the “solvent”atoms in a lattice. (c) The atomic radii of the atomsin a substitutional alloy are similar to each other, but in aninterstitial alloy, the interstitial atoms are a lot smaller thanthe host lattice atoms.arrow_forwardA compound which is prepared from gypsum has the property of hardening when mixed with proper quantity of water.(i) Identify the compound.(ii) Write the chemical equation for its preparation.(iii) Mention one important use of this compound.arrow_forwardRadii were reported as follows: Ti4+ = 60 pm; O2‒ = 140 pm. Based on this, tell as much as youcan about the expected structure of TiO2 – provide the hole type for the cation, the cell lattice,and the coordination numbers for both cation and anion.arrow_forward
- Name the purification methods of cobalt(II) sulphate (CoSO4.7H2O).arrow_forward(a) What change occurs when AgCl is doped with CdCl2?(b) What type of semiconductor is produced when silicon is doped with boron?arrow_forwardDescribe the role of the following: (i) Si02 in the extraction of copper from copper matte. (ii) NaCN in froth floatation processarrow_forward
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