CUSTOM BIOLOGY
19th Edition
ISBN: 9781323945490
Author: Urry
Publisher: Pearson Custom Publishing
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Chapter 21.6, Problem 3CC
Summary Introduction
To analyze: How did the extra Alu elements arise in the human genome and their role in divergence?
Introduction: Alu elements are well known for their role in the regulation of tissue-specific genes, playing a major role in the transcription of specific nearby genes. Alu elements can be understood as retrotransposons that are repeated segments of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).
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Assumptions: -There are approximately 3,000,000,000 base paris in the mammalian genome (genes constitute only a portion only a portion of this total. -There are approximately 10,000 genes in the mammalian genome. - A single gene averages 10,000 base pairs in size. -Only 1 out of 3 mutation that occur in gene result in a chnage to the protein structure.
In the mammalian genome: How many total base-pairs are in all the mammalian genes? what proportion (%) of the total genome does this represent? What is the probability that a random mutation will occur in any given gene? What is the probability mutation will change the structure of a protein?
What are two reasons for the wide variation in genome sizes among eukaryotic species?
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Chapter 21 Solutions
CUSTOM BIOLOGY
Ch. 21.1 - Describe the whole-genome shotgun approach.Ch. 21.2 - Prob. 1CCCh. 21.2 - Explain the advantage of the systems biology...Ch. 21.2 - Prob. 3CCCh. 21.2 - MAKE CONNECTIONS In Concept 20.2, you learned...Ch. 21.3 - The best estimate is that the human genome...Ch. 21.3 - The Genomes Online Database (GOLD) Website of the...Ch. 21.3 - WHAT IF? What evolutionary processes might...Ch. 21.4 - Discuss the characteristics of mammalian genomes...Ch. 21.4 - VISUAL SKILLS Which of the three mechanisms...
Ch. 21.4 - Contrast the organizations of the rRNA gene family...Ch. 21.4 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Assign each DNA segment at the...Ch. 21.5 - Describe three examples of errors in cellular...Ch. 21.5 - Explain how multiple exons might have arisen in...Ch. 21.5 - What are three ways that transposable elements are...Ch. 21.5 - WHAT IF? In 2005, Icelandic scientists reported...Ch. 21.6 - Prob. 1CCCh. 21.6 - Prob. 2CCCh. 21.6 - Prob. 3CCCh. 21 - How did the Human Genome Project result in more...Ch. 21 - What has been the most significant finding of the...Ch. 21 - Compare genome size, gene number, and gene density...Ch. 21 - Explain how the function of transposable elements...Ch. 21 - How could chromosomal rearrangements lead to the...Ch. 21 - What type of Information can be obtained by...Ch. 21 - Bioinformatics intludes all of the following...Ch. 21 - Homeotic genes (A) encode transcription factors...Ch. 21 - Prob. 3TYUCh. 21 - DRAW IT Below are the amino acid sequences(using...Ch. 21 - EVOLUTION CONNECTION Genes important in the...Ch. 21 - scientific inquiry The scientists mapping the SNPs...Ch. 21 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 21 - SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE Insects have three...
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- If a sequence from another species showed a 96 percent sequence similarity to humans, would that species be more or less closely related to humans than chimpanzees are?arrow_forwardDNA-DNA hybridization studies in the 1960s demonstrated that common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus), are most closely related to which of the following non-chimpanzee primate species (sharing about 98% of protein-coding nucleotides)? the agile gibbon (Hylobates agilis) the human (Homo sapiens) the orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) the gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) the olive baboon (Papio anubis) 7. Which of the following mobile genetic elements is a retrotransposon, making up about 10% of the human genome, but no longer codes for a functional gene product (and is therefore a “pseudogene”)? the LINE-1 element (repeated up to 50,000 times in the human genome) the DNA-only transposons known as “jumping genes” (in corn) the avocado sunblotch viroid the typical transposon found in a bacterial chromosome the Alu sequence (repeated up to 1,000,000 times in the human genome) . Which of the following self-replicating biological agents carries only one…arrow_forwardWhy was noncoding DNA previously called 'junk DNA' and why is the term no longer considered appropriate? How do comparisons of genomes of distantly related species (such as humans and mice) provide evidence for this?arrow_forward
- WHAT IF? Would you expect the plastid DNA of photosynthetic dinoflagellates, diatoms, and golden algaeto be more similar to the nuclear DNA of plants (domainEukarya) or to the chromosomal DNA of cyanobacteria(domain Bacteria)? Explain.arrow_forwardTake a look at the α-globin and β-globin amino acid sequences. Which sequences are more similar, the α globin in humans and the α globin in horses, or the α globin in humans and the β globin in humans? Based on your answer, would you conclude that the gene duplication that gave rise to the α-globin and β-globin genes occurred before or after the divergence of humans and horses? Explain your reasoning.arrow_forwardHere is some information about the sequences: All these sequences, “SEQUENCE_21” to “SEQUENCE_27” are in the same subfamily or “clade” of a large phylogenetic alignment of all Rab proteins in these three species (see “Figure 1.pdf” for a full view of gene family in humans, plants and yeast, see the “D” branch towards the bottom of the tree in Figure 1). “SEQUENCE_28” is a different Rab protein (actually it is the Rab39 protein at the bottom of the tree). “SEQUENCE_21” is from yeast. “SEQUENCE_22” to “SEQUENCE_25” are from the plant, Arabidopsis. “SEQUENCE_26” and “SEQUENCE_27” are from humans. Question: Based on the information above, what can you speculate about the possible evolution of the genes that “SEQUENCE_21” to “SEQUENCE_27” represent? (write 5 points at least).arrow_forward
- Q1: If all genes are composed of just four nucleotides, how can different genes carry different types of information? Q2: Would you expect to see more variation in the sequence of DNA bases between two members of the same species (such as humans) or between two individuals of different species (for example, humans and chickens)? Explain your reasoning. Q3: Do different alleles of a gene have the same DNA sequence or different DNA sequences?arrow_forwardHere is some information about the sequences: There are two images given; one with sequences and the other with a figure. All these sequences, “SEQUENCE_21” to “SEQUENCE_27” are in the same subfamily or “clade” of a large phylogenetic alignment of all Rab proteins in these three species (see “Image with a figure” for a full view of gene family in humans, plants and yeast, see the “D” branch towards the bottom of the tree in Figure). “SEQUENCE_28” is a different Rab protein (actually it is the Rab39 protein at the bottom of the tree). “SEQUENCE_21” is from yeast. “SEQUENCE_22” to “SEQUENCE_25” are from the plant, Arabidopsis. “SEQUENCE_26” and “SEQUENCE_27” are from humans. Question: Based on the information above, what can you speculate about the possible evolution of the genes that “SEQUENCE_21” to “SEQUENCE_27” represent?arrow_forwardRead This! Extensive research has been done to find similarities and differences in the DNA sequences of different an- imals. This work is very difficult and time consuming, but it can help biologists determine the evolution- ary ancestry of a species. For example, when investigating the human genome, biologists found that about 99.5% of the DNA sequences among humans are the same. Considering the wide variety of traits in the human population, we are a lot more similar than we are different. Humans share approximately 96% of their DNA sequences with chimpanzees, 85% with mice, and 75% with chickens. 16. Study the table below. Organism Pair Percentage of DNA Similarity A-B 97 A-C 85 A-D 50 a. To which organism, B, C or D, is organism A most closely related? Support your answer. b. Which pair of organisms in the table is least closely related? Support your answer. c. Which pair of organisms most likely shares a recent common ancestor? Support your answer. 4 POGIL™ Activities for High…arrow_forward
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