Essentials of Genetics (9th Edition) - Standalone book
9th Edition
ISBN: 9780134047799
Author: William S. Klug, Michael R. Cummings, Charlotte A. Spencer, Michael A. Palladino
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 22, Problem 4PDQ
The genetic difference between two Drosophila species, D. heteroneura and D. sylvestris, as measured by
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The Japanese canopy plant (Paris japonica) has one of the largest of all eukaryotic genomes, with approximately 150 billion base pairs, about 50 times the size of the human genome. In contrast, the bladderwort Utricularia gibba has one of the smallest plant genomes, with only 82 million base pairs. What predictions can you make about the genomes of these two species?
Take a look at the α-globin and β-globin amino acid sequences. Which sequences are more similar, the α globin in humans and the α globin in horses, or the α globin in humans and the β globin in humans? Based on your answer, would you conclude that the gene duplication that gave rise to the α-globin and β-globin genes occurred before or after the divergence of humans and horses? Explain your reasoning.
In a study of a muscle disorder, several affected families exhibited vision problems, muscle weakness, and deafness (M. Zeviani et al. 1990. American Journal of Human Genetics 47:904–914). Analysis of the mtDNA from affected members of these families revealed that large numbers of their mtDNA molecules possessed deletions of varying lengths. Different members of the same family and even different mitochondria from the same person possessed deletions of different sizes, so the underlying defect appeared to be a tendency for the mtDNA of affected persons to have deletions. A pedigree of one of the families studied is shown below. The researchers concluded that this disorder is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, and they mapped the diseasecausing gene to a position on chromosome 10 in the nucleus.
Q. What characteristics of the pedigree rule out inheritance of a trait encoded by a gene in the mtDNA as the cause of this disorder?
Chapter 22 Solutions
Essentials of Genetics (9th Edition) - Standalone book
Ch. 22 - CASE STUDY |An unexpected outcome A newborn...Ch. 22 - CASE STUDY |Anunexpected outcome A newborn...Ch. 22 - CASE STUDY|An unexpected outcome A newborn...Ch. 22 - HOW DO WE KNOW? Population geneticists study...Ch. 22 - Review the Chapter Concepts on page 441. All these...Ch. 22 -
3. Price et al. (1999. J. Bacteriol. 181:...Ch. 22 -
4. The genetic difference between two Drosophila...Ch. 22 - The use of nucleotide sequence data to measure...Ch. 22 - Calculate the frequencies of the AA, Aa, and aa...Ch. 22 - Prob. 7PDQ
Ch. 22 -
8. What must be assumed in order to validate the...Ch. 22 - In a population where only the total number of...Ch. 22 -
10. If 4 percent of a population in equilibrium...Ch. 22 -
11. Consider a population in which the frequency...Ch. 22 - If the initial allele frequencies are p = 0.5 and...Ch. 22 -
13. Under what circumstances might a lethal...Ch. 22 - Assume that a recessive autosomal disorder occurs...Ch. 22 -
15. One of the first Mendelian traits identified...Ch. 22 -
16. Describe how populations with substantial...Ch. 22 - Achondroplasia is a dominant trait that causes a...Ch. 22 -
18. A recent study examining the mutation rates...Ch. 22 - A form of dwarfism known as Ellis–van Creveld...Ch. 22 -
20. List the barriers that prevent interbreeding...Ch. 22 - What are the two groups of reproductive isolating...Ch. 22 - Prob. 22PDQCh. 22 -
23. In a recent study of cichlid fish inhabiting...Ch. 22 - What genetic changes take place during speciation?Ch. 22 - Some critics have warned that the use of gene...Ch. 22 - Comparisons of Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA with...
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- In a study of a muscle disorder, several affected families exhibited vision problems, muscle weakness, and deafness (M. Zeviani et al. 1990. American Journal of Human Genetics 47:904–914). Analysis of the mtDNA from affected members of these families revealed that large numbers of their mtDNA molecules possessed deletions of varying lengths. Different members of the same family and even different mitochondria from the same person possessed deletions of different sizes, so the underlying defect appeared to be a tendency for the mtDNA of affected persons to have deletions. A pedigree of one of the families studied is shown below. The researchers concluded that this disorder is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, and they mapped the diseasecausing gene to a position on chromosome 10 in the nucleus. Q. Explain how a mutation in a nuclear gene might lead to deletions in mtDNA.arrow_forwardYou are a researcher studying birds in an Indonesian rainforest. You have just discovered two new species whose beaks are markedly different, which you have named Laetiphonia orthorhynchus and Laetiphonia rhamphis. In particular, the beaks of L. orthorhynchus are very long, straight and pointed, whereas L. rhamphis have beaks that are quite short, wide and curved downwards. In further studies, you find that the same gene codes for beak shape in both species. In your own words, explain at least two ways that changes in gene expression could result in the differences you observe between these two species. Make sure to be specific in how your explanation applies to the bird species in this example.arrow_forwardSeveral Drosophila species with unspotted wings are descended from a spotted ancestor. Would you predict the loss of spot formation to entail coding or noncoding changes in pigmentation genes? How would you test which is the case?arrow_forward
- Explain why we use both Giemsa and DAPI when studying human genetics, and not just one or the other. How are they similar, and how are they different?arrow_forwardWhy are fruit flies considered a model genetic organism? Would humans fit this description?arrow_forwardA recent study examining the mutation rates of 5669 mammalian genes (17,208 sequences) indicates that, contrary to popular belief, mutation rates among lineages with vastly different generation lengths and physiological attributes are remarkably constant [Kumar, S., and Subramanian, S. (2002). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:803–808]. The average rate is estimated at 12.2 * 10-9 per bp per year. What is the significance of this finding in terms of mammalian evolution?arrow_forward
- The total number of genes in human is far less than the previous estimate.Comment?arrow_forward"Coat color in rats varies from white to black and includes many shades of gray in between. If the number of different coat colors possible is 9, how many genes are involved? "arrow_forwardOne particularly useful feature of the Hardy-Weinberg equation is that it allows us to estimate the frequency of heterozygotes for recessive genetic diseases, assuming that Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium exists. As an example, let’s consider cystic fibrosis, which is a human genetic disease involving a gene that encodes a chloride transporter. Persons with this disorder have an irregularity in salt and water balance. One of the symptoms is thick mucus in the lungs that can contribute to repeated lung infections. In populations of Northern European descent, the frequency of affected individuals is approximately 1 in 2500. Because this is a recessive disorder, affected individuals are homozygotes. Assuming that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the frequency of individuals who are heterozygous carriers?arrow_forward
- Two diploid species of closely related frogs, which we will callspecies A and species B, were analyzed with regard to the genesthat encode an enzyme called hexokinase. Species A has two distinctcopies of this gene: A1 and A2. In other words, this diploidspecies is A1A1 A2A2. Species B has three copies of the hexokinasegene, which we will call B1, B2, and B3. A diploid individualof species B would be B1B1 B2B2 B3B3. These hexokinase genesfrom the two species were subjected to DNA sequencing, and thepercentage of sequence identity was compared among these genes.The results are shown here. Percentage of DNA Sequence Identity A1 A2 B1 B2 B3A1 100 62 54 94 53A2 62 100 91 49 92B1 54 91 100 67 90B2 94 49 67 100 64B3 53 92 90 64 100…arrow_forwardFor each of the following examples, discuss whether the observed result is due to neutral mutations or mutations that have been acted on by natural selection, or both: A. When comparing sequences of homologous genes, differences in the coding sequence are most common at the wobble base (i.e., the third base in each codon). B. For a protein-encoding gene, the regions that encode portions of the polypeptide that are vital for structure and function are less likely to display mutations than other regions of the gene. C. When comparing the sequences of homologous genes, introns usually have more sequence differences than exons.arrow_forwardWhat genetic model of an organism is the most ideal? And why is it an ideal model in genetics?arrow_forward
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