(a)
Interpretation:
How does a state of acidosis help to increase the generation of carbon dioxide has to be given.
Concept Introduction:
Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of
(b)
Interpretation:
The effects of added reactants and products on equilibrium works on which principle has to be given.
Concept Introduction:
Another way of defining equilibrium is to say that a system is in equilibrium when the formation and reverse reaction occur at equal rates.
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EBK FUNDAMENTALS OF GENERAL, ORGANIC, A
- Calculate the pH of a blood plasma sample with a total CO2 concentration of 26.9 mM and bicarbonate concentration of 25.6 mM. Recall from page 67 that the relevant pK2 of carbonic acid is 6.1arrow_forwardWrite a balanced equation for the neutralization of stomach acid by NahCO3 .arrow_forwardSince the patient was brought into the emergency room only two hours after the overdose, you suspect that her stomach might contain undissolved aspirin that is continuing to be absorbed. The fact that she is experiencing severe respiratory alkalosis eight hours after the ingestion confirms your suspicion and you decide to use a gastric lavage at pH 8.5 to effectively remove any aspirin left and reduce absorption of dissolved aspirin. Explain why gastric lavage was performed at pH 8.5 to effectively remove and reduce absorption of aspirin.arrow_forward
- Consider the reaction converting succinate into fumarate (see p. 560). (a) Is succinate oxidized or reduced in this reaction (and how do you know)? (b) You add molecular O2 as the redox partner for this reaction. Draw the Lewis dot structures for the relevant moeities on succinate, fumarate, O2 and H2O. (c) What is AG" for for the conversion of succinate into fumarate in the presence of O2 and H2O?arrow_forwardIn what range would the blood pH of a heavy smoker with advanced emphysema fall: (a) less than 7.35; (b) 7.35–7.45; (c) greater than 7.45? Explain your choice.arrow_forwardThe immediate administration of nitrite is a highly effective treatment for cyanide poisoning. What is the basis for the action of this antidote? (Hint: Nitrite oxidizes ferrohemoglobin to ferrihemoglobin.)arrow_forward
- Consumption of nitrate-rich vegetables such as spinach have been shown to reduce blood pressure in prehypertensive individuals (i.e., those having no history of clinical hypertension), a phenomenon attributed to increased nitric oxide synthesis. Describe the reactions that convert nitrate (NO3 −) to nitric oxide (NO•) in the body.arrow_forwardIf normal plasma pH is 7.4 and normal [CO2) is 1.2 mM, what is the normal (HCO321? The pK9 for this system is 6.1. Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) has three dissociable protons, with the pK,'s shown below. Which form of phosphoric acid predominates in a solution at pH 4? Explain your answer. Acid H3POA 2.14 H2PO4 6.86 HPO,2- 12.4arrow_forwardWhich of the equations below best represents how excess acid in the blood plasma can be removed in the lungs by breathing? H+ (aq) + 0. 2(g) OH + H₂ CO (aq) OH+ + O (aq) 2(g) → H, CO. H + O₂ (aq) 2(g) 3(aq) 3(aq) → H₂O(g) + CO2(g) + CO2(g) → H₂O H, CO3(aq) → HCO, OH t + HCO3(aq) → H₂ CO3(g) → H₂O(g) (aq) → H, CO3(aq) 3 (aq) + CO2(g) H₂O(g) + CO2(g)arrow_forward
- Below is the reaction catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase. Please answer the following questions. CO₂ + H₂O → H+ + HCO3* a. The forward reaction is favored in the lungs b. When protons decrease the pH [Select] [Select] c. CO₂ acts directly as a [Select] hemoglobin by reacting to form carbonic Answer 1: lungs Answer 2: decreases Answer 3: HbR Answer 4: negative heterotrophic state is favored Answer 5: and the allosteric effector of reacting to generate protons another allosteric effector that stabilizes the T statearrow_forwardThe of the principal effects of diarrhea is the excretion (elimination through the bowels) of large quantities of sodium bicarbonate. Draw the equilibrium reaction showing the bicarbonate equilibrium. In which direction does the bicarbonate buffer system shift under these circumstances?arrow_forwardDuring the treatment for COVID-19, one complication includes an increase of CO2 in the lungs. This buildup of CO2 can result in a serious condition called respiratory acidosis if the level of H+ significantly changes. If the pH drops by 1 unit, what has happened to the H+ concentration?arrow_forward
- Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap ...BiologyISBN:9781285866932Author:Lauralee SherwoodPublisher:Cengage Learning