a.
To design: A reflex map with feedback loops for hypercortisolism caused by an adrenal tumor.
Introduction: The main causes of hypercortisolism are an adrenal tumor, pituitary tumor, and excess secretion of cortisol.
b.
To design: A reflex map with feedback loops for hypercortisolism caused by a pituitary tumor.
Introduction: Hypercortisolism caused by a pituitary tumor is known as secondary hypercortisolism.
c.
To design: A reflex map with feedback loops for hyperthyroidism caused by a thyroid tumor.
Introduction: Hyperthyroidism refers to a condition in which an individual’s thyroid gland secretes too much thyroid hormone.
(d)
To design: A reflex map with feedback loops for hypothyroidism caused due to a pituitary problem.
Introduction: The failure of the pituitary gland to secrete TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) causes secondary hypothyroidism.
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Pearson eText Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach -- Instant Access (Pearson+)
- Briefly explain MoA of non-steroid hormones.arrow_forwardExplain how neurotransmitters work. Distinguish between neurotransmitters and hormones, and discuss one example of each found in the human body, describing how each works.arrow_forwardMatching 1. Match the hormone on the left with its function on the right. ADH a. decreases blood sugar b. increases thyroid hormone secretion c. regulates cell metabolism d. increases steroid release e. increases uterine contractions f. decreases urination g. prolongs sympathetic response h. stimulates tissue growth i. increases blood sugar j. increases milk production in females insulin - glucagon oxytocin epinephrine thyroxine - prolactin _ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) TSH - growth hormonearrow_forward
- Exercise Exercise places demands on the body. Cells require extra energy and water is lost through sweating. The breathing rate and heart rate increases during exercise to deliver more glucose and oxygen to cells which are converted to ATP through cellular respiration. Identify three hormones that are involved in re-establishing homeostasis after an intense workout and explain why they are involved.arrow_forwardCreate a hormone map. A complete map will include the secretion signal for the hormone, the origin of the hormone, and hormone targets, and the physiological outcomes of hormone increases or decreases within the body. Be sure to indicate feedback loops within your map. Please provide an explanation of the steps within your map and explain why this interaction is important physiologically.arrow_forwardB. Alkaloid caffeine contained in coffee seeds causes hyperglycemia and has a stimulatory effect, although it does not interact with epinephrine receptors. It is known that caffeine inhibits phosphodiesterase activity. Why can caffeine decrease the blood glucose level? Explain the answer and draw the appropriate schemes.arrow_forward
- (human physiology) 1) Match the insulin types (1-3) with the plots (A-C)? Explain? 2) Oral administration (e.g. in the form of pills) of insulin and subcutaneous administration, which is more effective? Why? 3) Why are elderly, sedentary, obese and regular smokers at high risk of diabetes?arrow_forwardDescribe all the sources of amplification in the insulin receptor system.arrow_forwardExplain the concept of coordination in the context of endocrine system function. Differentiate exocrine from endocrine glands. Describe the roles of the hypothalamus, pituitary glands, target glands, and target organs. Enumerate the secretion of the hypothalamus and their functions. List the hormones secreted by the anterior and posteriors pituitary glands and their functions. Explain the hormonal secretion and their functions of the following: thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal (cortex and medulla), gonads (testis, ovaries), pancreas (beta and alpha cells), thymus, pineal glands. Describe the functions of hormones secreted by the following internal organs: heart, liver, kidney, stomach, small intestines, colon, and muscles Explain the concept of negative and positive feedback. Describe drugs that affect the endocrine system: thyroid replacement hormones, steroids, insulin. Give examples of nursing diagnosis that apply to issues of the endocrine system.arrow_forward
- Describe the synthesis of peptide hormones. Include terms like preprohormone, prohormone and active hormonearrow_forwardc. Draw a picture comparing and contrasting how each might cause its target cell to do this. Don't look it up! You have all the information you need from the notes to come up with a reasonable, logical hypothesis. d. If somebody develops hyperparathyroidism (the parathyroid glands produce too much PTH), do you expect that person's blood levels of calcium to be too high or too low as a result? Explain. e. If somebody develops hyperparathyroidism, will their bones gain or lose density?arrow_forwardJ. ↓ @ 2@ What would happen to the action potential if a much larger stimulus were applied to this neuron? 11 Fewer sodium ion channels would open. More potassium ion channels would open. Fewer potassium ion channels would open. ↑ Which is NOT a water-soluble hormone? No changes to the action potential would occur. 3 £ epinephrine cortisol thyroxine # / insulin с 4¢ % 5 ¤ M V6 31 Oll A ? & 6- 71 O ∞0 * O 82 9 9 ✓arrow_forward
- Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap ...BiologyISBN:9781285866932Author:Lauralee SherwoodPublisher:Cengage Learning