Biochemistry
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781305577206
Author: Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 25, Problem 4P
The Energetic Cost of Nitrogen Excretion via the Urea Cycle How many ATP equivalents are consumed in the production of 1 equivalent of urea by the urea cycle?
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Including the carbamoyl phosphate synthetase step (CPS I) and the four steps of the urea cycle, how many ATP equivalents (phosphoanhydride bonds) are utilized to drive the formation of one urea molecule?
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and α -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex are huge enzymes consisting of three discrete enzymatic activities. Which amino acids require a related enzyme complex, and what is the name of the enzyme?
a) Write the catalytic mechanistic steps used in the urea cycle. If transamination is required, showonly the net reaction of this step.b) Where do the 2 nitrogen atoms and the 1 carbon atom that make the final product come from?
Chapter 25 Solutions
Biochemistry
Ch. 25 - Prob. 1PCh. 25 - Prob. 2PCh. 25 - Regulation of Glutamine Synthetase by Covalent...Ch. 25 - The Energetic Cost of Nitrogen Excretion via the...Ch. 25 - Prob. 5PCh. 25 - Prob. 6PCh. 25 - Prob. 7PCh. 25 - Prob. 8PCh. 25 - Prob. 9PCh. 25 - Prob. 10P
Ch. 25 - Prob. 11PCh. 25 - Prob. 12PCh. 25 - Prob. 13PCh. 25 - Prob. 14PCh. 25 - Prob. 15PCh. 25 - A Deficiency on 3-Phosphogtycerate Dehydrogenase...Ch. 25 - Prob. 17PCh. 25 - Prob. 18PCh. 25 - Prob. 19PCh. 25 - Consider the synthesis and degradation of tyrosine...Ch. 25 - Prob. 21PCh. 25 - Prob. 22P
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- The Catabolism of Uric Acid Write a balanced equation for the oxidation of uric acid to glyoxylic acid, CO2, and NH3, showing each step in the process and naming all of the enzymes involved.arrow_forwardFrom the complete oxidation of glucose (glucose → 6CO2), how many total nucleotide triphosphates are yielded (be sure to deduct payback) as part of substrate level phosphorylation?arrow_forwardThe clinical symptoms of two forms of galactosemia—deficiency of galactokinase or of UDPglucose: galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase—show radically different severity. Although both types produce gastric discomfort after milk ingestion, deficiency of the transferase also leads to liver, kidney, spleen, and brain dysfunction and eventual death. What products accumulate in the blood and tissues with each type of enzyme deficiency? Estimate the relative toxicities of these products from the above information.arrow_forward
- How many Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is produced when 378 moles of glucose enter the energy investment phase of glycolysis prior to the presence and catalytic activity of the enzyme Isomerase.arrow_forwardThe uncatalyzed reaction rate for the conversion of substrate X to product Y is one year. The enzyme-catalyzedrate is one millisecond. Describe the features of theenzyme that are probably responsible for this ratedifference.arrow_forwardnitrogen metabolism which compounds serve as the donors of the various atoms in urea?arrow_forward
- Assume that all carbon atoms and nitrogen atoms in both alanine and aspartate are labelledwith radioisotopes. Then, the radioisotope-labelled alanine and aspartate molecules areallowed to undergo metabolism in the liver. All carbon atoms and nitrogen atoms in both ureaand glutamine are found to be labelled with radioisotopes. Please write down the metabolicreactions that lead to the incorporation of radioisotope-labelled carbon and nitrogen atoms intourea and glutamine.arrow_forward. Pyruvate can be processed under anaerobic conditions to ethanol (in yeast) or to lactate (in mammals), as shown. Explain the primary purpose of these reactions. Describe the major biochemical features of each reactionarrow_forwardPredict which one of the five steps of the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex reaction is metabolically irreversible under physiological conditions and explain why.arrow_forward
- Outline the path of 2 molecules of alanine to 1 molecule of glucose using alanine dehydrogenase and other processes or pathways you know. Determine the net reaction and make sure you include both the necessary cofactors AND the handling of the ammonia by the urea cycle.arrow_forwardThe intermediates of glycolysis are phosphorylated, but those of the citric acid cycle are not. Suggest a reason why.arrow_forwardAssume that all carbon atoms and nitrogen atoms in both alanine and aspartate are labelled with radioisotopes. Then, the radioisotope-labelled alanine and aspartate molecules areallowed to undergo metabolism in the liver. All carbon atoms and nitrogen atoms in both ureaand glutamine are found to be labelled with radioisotopes. Please write down the metabolic reactions that lead to the incorporation of radioisotope-labelled carbon and nitrogen atoms into urea and glutamine.arrow_forward
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