EBK BIOLOGY
11th Edition
ISBN: 8220102797352
Author: Raven
Publisher: YUZU
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Chapter 27, Problem 1A
Summary Introduction
Introduction:
The HIV virus is a class VI virus that contains “single stranded RNA”. The HIV virus contains reverse transcriptase enzyme which synthesizes DNA from RNA. The smallpox contains double stranded DNA as their genetic material. HIV virus and smallpox virus both contain an outer envelope, which helps in entry of these viruses.
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Which of the following is the most likely explanation for an individual who lacks CCR5 as a result of a homozygous defect in the CCR5 gene becoming infected with HIV?
a. The mutated CCR5 genes reverted to the normal form, rendering macrophages susceptible to macrophagetropic HIV variants.
b. The macrophage-tropic HIV variant entered host cells using CD4 alone.
c. The viral nucleic acid alone was taken up by cells, as in cell transformation by bacterial DNA.
d. The individual had received a transplant of HIV-infected cells expressing normal CCR5.
e. The primary infection involved a lymphocyte-tropic strain of HIV that used CXCR4 as its co-receptor.
Antigenic drift refers to:
A.The reassortment of genomic segments from different viruses
B.Cytotoxic T cells identifying viral infected host cells
C.The accumulation of mutations in the viral genome due to an error prone polymerase
D.Antigen presenting cells failure to recognize the influenza virus
Which of the following is a commonality between coxsackievirus A16 infection and a varicella zoster infection?Choose one:
A. Both infections are caused by viruses in the herpes family.
B. Each disease is usually mild and self-limiting in children but is more severe in adults.
C. Both viruses can cause a spotted rash to appear on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
D. There is a vaccine available for both viruses.
Chapter 27 Solutions
EBK BIOLOGY
Ch. 27 - The reverse transcriptase enzyme is active in...Ch. 27 - Which of the following is NOT part of a virus? a....Ch. 27 - Which of the following is common in animal viruses...Ch. 27 - Which of the following would NOT be part of the...Ch. 27 - A process by which a virus may change a benign...Ch. 27 - Prob. 6UCh. 27 - Prob. 7UCh. 27 - Prob. 1ACh. 27 - The idea of a protein that was an infectious agent...Ch. 27 - Bacterial viruses and animal viruses are similar...
Ch. 27 - Prob. 4ACh. 27 - Phage conversion in which viruses add genes to a...Ch. 27 - According to the prion hypothesis, the infectious...Ch. 27 - Prob. 7ACh. 27 - Prob. 8ACh. 27 - E. coli lysogens derived from infection by phage ...Ch. 27 - Most biologists believe that viruses evolved...Ch. 27 - Prob. 3SCh. 27 - What do we mean by the term emerging virus? How is...Ch. 27 - How might phage be used to transfer E. coli genes...
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- Why are vaccines and/or passive immunization the method of choice in the treatment or prevention of viral infections? A. There are no known inhibitors to reverse transcription B. Viruses are non-living and do not have their own genetic mechanisms to reproduce by themselves hence host cells must rely on targeting the virus or their products. C. Antibodies prevent replication of viral genome D. Antibodies prevent transcription and translation of viral genomes E. All of thesearrow_forwardBased on the experience of the Philippines with the dengue vaccine, what can you conclude regarding the use of vaccines? a. Vaccines should be tested for long period of time before allowing any individual to take the vaccine.b. All aspects as on the long-term effects of vaccines, its effect on children, pregnant women, effect to reproductive system, immediate side effects and many more should be analysed first.c. Vaccines take time to be developed and studied for their effectivity and effects.d. All vaccines have side effects, only few individuals should have them.e. Vaccines that were tested for decades could be trusted for its safety but still precaution should be observed.arrow_forwardWe are confronted with a new RNA virus that uses x-proteins to attach to host cells and primarily infects liver cells. Based on this we would expect: (2 answers only) a. possible latent infections b. viral susceptibility to valacyclovir c. viral suspeptibility to RNA->RNA pol inhibitor d. symptoms of hepatitsarrow_forward
- Explain why each choice (a-d) is correct or incorrect. A flu vaccine is needed seasonally to be effective but a polio vaccine is only needed once. The best explanation of this is a. Flu vaccine is substantially weaker than the polio vaccine. b. The polio virus is substantially weaker than the flu virus. c. Exposure to flu vaccine produces no memory cells from proliferating B lymphocytes. d. The flu has several strains that change seasonally.arrow_forwardThis is a hypothetical scenario. A recently emerged virus has been transmitting and mutating rapidly in humans throughout the world. If a vaccine that stops transmission of all current circulating variants of the virus in humans is utilized and herd immunity is achieved throughout the world, would this essentially stop 1) further transmission of the virus; 2) further mutation of the virus, respectively? Why/why not? Please answer the question succinctly and in bullet points!arrow_forwardThe high degree of mutation in HIV, the accumulation of variant viruses, and the development of resistance to drug regimes are attributed to _____. a. antigenic shift b. gene conversion c. absence of proofreading capability of reverse transcriptase d. antigenic variation of variable surface glycoproteins (VSGs) e. mutation of HIV RNA genome by host-cell RNA polymerase.arrow_forward
- We now have at least three SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 vaccines approved by the FDA for use in the United States. These vaccines cause cells in the body to make the spike protein that is on the surface of the virus, and subsequently, stimulate an antibody response to this antigen. A. What do these antibodies do to prevent infection by SARS-CoV-2? How do they interact with the virus particles? B. Which kind of cells in the immune system are responsible for synthesizing these antibodies?arrow_forwardIndicate whether each of the following statements is true (T) or false (F). a. An unsubstantiated association between the MMR vaccine and autism has led some parents to choose not to vaccinate their children. b. The hepatitis B vaccine is associated with cancer of the liver. c. Acellular vaccines have fewer side-effects than cellular vaccines. d. Recombinant DNA technology can be used to reduce the virulence of pathogenic viruses. e. The Rotarix vaccine is a subunit vaccine composed of purified VP4 and VP7 glycoproteins of the human rotavirus. f. Rotavirus is a double-stranded DNA virus that lends itself well to recombinant DNA manipulation.arrow_forwardAll of the following statements about polioviruses are correct except _____. a. Poliovirus vaccines are produced in both inactivated and live-attenuated forms. b. The oral poliovirus vaccine is composed of three liveattenuated viral strains. c. Poliovirus infects both humans and cattle. d. If genetic reversion of strain 3 occurs when the virus is replicating in vaccinated people, pathogenesis may occur. e. In the United States, the recommended vaccine for poliovirus is the inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV).arrow_forward
- Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the use of the following viruses as vectors a. Retroviruses b. Adenoviruses c. Adeno-associated virusesarrow_forwardThe use of multiple drugs in HAART to treat AIDS has a. completely removed the virus from infected individuals. b. reduced the viral level in the bloodstream to undetectable levels. c. been a complete failure. d. been supplanted by the new HIV vaccine.arrow_forward1.Based on the experience of the Philippines with the dengue vaccine, what can you conclude regarding the Dengvaxia Case? -arrow_forward
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