Brock Biology of Microorganisms
15th Edition
ISBN: 9780134626352
Author: MADIGAN
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 27, Problem 3AQ
Polymorphism implies that each different MHC protein binds a different peptide motif. However, for the MHC class I proteins, only 6 peptide motifs can be recognized in an individual, whereas over 6000 motifs can be recognized by the entire human population. What advantage does recognition of multiple motifs have for the individual? What potential advantage does recognition of the extremely large number of motifs have for the population? Can everyone process and present the same antigens?
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Chapter 27 Solutions
Brock Biology of Microorganisms
Ch. 27.1 - Prob. 1MQCh. 27.1 - Prob. 2MQCh. 27.1 - Distinguish between clonal deletion and clonal...Ch. 27.1 - QWhy is it necessary that all three defining...Ch. 27.2 - Identify the intrinsic and extrinsic properties of...Ch. 27.2 - Describe an epitope recognized by an antibody, and...Ch. 27.2 - Give an example for each: natural and artificial...Ch. 27.2 - QWhat properties are required for a vaccine to...Ch. 27.3 - Summarize antibody production starting with...Ch. 27.3 - Differentiate among antibody classes using...
Ch. 27.3 - Prob. 3MQCh. 27.3 - QDescribe the structural and functional...Ch. 27.4 - Draw a complete Ig molecule and identify...Ch. 27.4 - Describe antigen binding to the CDR1, 2, and 3...Ch. 27.4 - Describe the recombination events that produce a...Ch. 27.4 - QWhich Ig chains are used to construct a complete...Ch. 27.5 - Identify the cells that display MHC class I and...Ch. 27.5 - Compare the MHC I and MHC II protein structures...Ch. 27.5 - Define the sequence of events for processing and...Ch. 27.5 - QDescribe the basic structure of class I and class...Ch. 27.6 - Define polymorphism and polygeny as they apply to...Ch. 27.6 - How does a single MHC protein present many...Ch. 27.6 - QPolymorphism implies that each different MHC...Ch. 27.7 - Prob. 1MQCh. 27.7 - Identify diversity-generating mechanisms unique to...Ch. 27.7 - Describe and compare the structural features of Ig...Ch. 27.7 - QWhat diversity-generating mechanisms function to...Ch. 27.8 - Describe the mechanism used by Tc cells to...Ch. 27.8 - Describe the effector system (the cell-killing...Ch. 27.8 - Compare and contrast the roles and activities of...Ch. 27.8 - QWhat mechanism do Tc cells use to identify and...Ch. 27.9 - Discriminate between immediate hypersensitivity...Ch. 27.9 - Provide examples and mechanisms for an...Ch. 27.9 - QHow do immediate and delayed-type...Ch. 27.10 - Describe the binding site for superantigens on T...Ch. 27.10 - Compare and contrast the immunodeficiency observed...Ch. 27.10 - Prob. 3MQCh. 27.10 - Prob. 1CRCh. 27 - Antibodies of the IgA class are probably more...Ch. 27 - Prob. 2AQCh. 27 - Polymorphism implies that each different MHC...Ch. 27 - What problems would arise if a person had a...
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- In regard to antigen presentation, MHC class I molecules usually present peptides derived from _____, whereas MHC class II molecules usually present peptides derived from _____. a. intracellular cytosolic sources; vesicular system b. phagolysosome; proteasomes c. MIIC; self proteins d. CLIP; HLA-DM e. endocytic vesicles; endoplasmic reticulum.arrow_forwardThree major cell types, dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells, present peptides bound to MHC class II molecules for recognition by CD4 T cells. In general, these peptides are derived from proteins or pathogens taken up by the cell by endocytosis, phagocytosis, or macropinocytosis. Based on these pathways of antigen uptake, some of the enzymes that degrade proteins to generate peptides for MHC class II presentation are: Ubiquitin ligases that tag proteins for degradation by the proteasome ATP transporter proteins that deliver endocytic proteins into the cytosol for degradation Cysteine proteases like cathepsins that function at acidic pH The lysosomal thiol reductase found in the endosomes The lysosome-associated membrane trafficking protein, LAMP-2arrow_forwardThere are two classes of MHC molecules with distinct subunit compositions but similar three-dimensional structures. Both MHC class I and MHC class II molecules are highly polymorphic genes in the human population, with tens to hundreds of different alleles co-existing in the population. This means that a comparison of the MHC protein sequences between two individuals would reveal amino acid differences between one individual and the next. However, these amino acid differences are not randomly distributed along the entire protein, but are clustered in certain locations. In the figure below, the diagram that most correctly indicates the regions of greatest variability between different MHC proteins (shown by the red highlights) is:arrow_forward
- Generally speaking, what kinds of cells express MHC I, MHC II, or both? What is presented on MHC I and II, and what kind of T cell recognizes each one? What response occurs when a T cell recognizes what is being presented on MHC I? What happens if it recognizes MHC II? Give an example of each type of recognition.arrow_forwardWhich of the following best describes the sequence variation within class | MHC molecules? A) Concentrated in the peptide-binding groove B) Concentrated near the transmembrane domain C) Concentrated within the cytoplasmic domain D) Concentrated within microglobulin E) Distributed fairly evenly throughout the moleculearrow_forwardSome viruses have mechanisms to down-regulate MHC class I protein expression on the surface of cells in which the virus is replicating. This immune evasion strategy might prevent effector CD8 cytotoxic T cells from recognizing and killing the virus-infected cells. Would this immune evasion strategy also prevent the initial activation of virus-specific CD8 T cells? Yes, because no viral peptide:MHC class I complexes would form to activate CD8 T cells. No, because dendritic cells would take up infected cells and cross-present viral peptides to activate CD8 T cells. No, because some presentation of MHC class I complexes with viral peptides would occur before the virus could down-regulate all the surface MHC class I protein. Yes, because this immune evasion strategy would also function in dendritic cells, even if the virus doesn’t replicate in dendritic cells. No, because the type I interferon response induced by the virus infection will up-regulate MHC class I expression and override the…arrow_forward
- Peptide editing is an important component of antigen presentation for both MHC class I and MHC class II pathways, as it drives the preferential presentation of high-affinity binding peptides. For MHC class II peptide editing, HLA-DM plays a key role. In the absence of HLA-DM: MHC class II molecules traffic to the cell surface with CLIP in their binding sites. No MHC class II molecules are released to traffic to the cell surface. MHC class II molecules bind to HLA-DO and are inhibited from binding peptides. Pathogens can evade the immune system by blocking peptide exchange on MHC class II. HLA-DO competes for high-affinity binding peptides with MHC class II molecules and blocks antigen presentation.arrow_forwardWhere are major histocompatibility complex-I (MHC-I) molecules located in the human body (cells)? Briefly describe how these surface markers present antigens to other cells. (Make sure to include where the antigen originates and what type of T-cell interacts with MHC-I antigen presentation.)arrow_forwardThe virus shown in the diagram below is only able to infect and replicate in epithelial cells. In order for the cross-presenting dendritic cell to display viral peptides, rather than self peptides on its surface MHC class I proteins, which of the following procedures could be utilized, starting with the components shown in the figure below? Mix epithelial cells with heat-killed virus, wait 24 hrs, wash away any virus particles outside the epithelial cells, then add epithelial cells to dendritic cells. Mix epithelial cells with viral peptides, wait 24 hrs, wash away any viral peptides not bound to the epithelial cells, then add epithelial cells to dendritic cells. Mix epithelial cells with live virus particles, wait 24 hrs, wash away any virus particles outside the epithelial cells, then add epithelial cells to dendritic cells. Mix dendritic cells with viral nucleic acids and epithelial cells for 24 hrs. MIx epithelial cells will viral nucleic acids, wait 24 hrs, wash away any viral…arrow_forward
- One striking feature of TCR interactions with peptide:MHC complexes is that amino acid residues in the MHC protein are as important to the TCR binding strength as are amino acid residues in the pathogen-derived peptide. This feature is in contrast to antigen recognition by antibodies, which is a direct interaction that is independent of other host proteins. Based on the different functions of T cells versus antibodies in the adaptive immune response, the fact that TCRs recognize components of both the MHC and the bound peptide exists to: Prevent TCRs from binding only to surface exposed epitopes of native pathogens Prevent immune evasion by a pathogen that has mutated the sequences required for antibody recognition Put constraints on T cell recognition, due to the potentially damaging effector molecules made by activated T cells Ensure that TCRs are focused on recognizing antigens associated with host cells, and not those that are free in solution Ensure that the pathogen has already…arrow_forwardMajor histocompatibility proteins (MHC) presented with an antigen: are recognized by T lymphocytes both may be expressed by any nucleated cell and are recognized by T lymphocytes both may be expressed by any nucleated cell and are recognized by B lymphocytes may be expressed by any nucleated cell are recognized by B lymphocytesarrow_forwardThe high degree of polymorphism in MHC class I molecules that present antigens to CD8 T cells is found in _______ because _______ is/are monomorphic: a. β2-microglobulin; the heavy chain b. both the α and β chains; none c. HLA-DOβ; HLA-DOα d. the heavy chain; β2-microglobulin e. HLA-E and HLA-G; HLA-F.arrow_forward
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