BIOLOGY
12th Edition
ISBN: 9781260169614
Author: Raven
Publisher: RENT MCG
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Chapter 27, Problem 3S
Use of multiple antibiotics is not a bad idea if ill of the bacteria are killed. In the case of sane persistent infections, this is an effective strategy. However, it does provide very strong selective pressure for rare genetic events that procure multiple resistances in a single bacterial species. For this reason, it is not a good idea for it be the normal practice The more bacteria that undergo this election for multiple resistance, the more likely a will arise. This is helped by patients not taking their entire course of antibiotic because bacteria may survive by chance and proliferate, with each generation providing the opportunity for new mutations. This is also complicated by the horizontal transfer of resistance via resistance plasmids, and by the existence of transposable genetic elements that can move genes from one piece of DMA to another.
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In 1944, Avery, Macleod, and McCarty provided strong evidence that DNA is the hereditary material in Streptococcus pneumoniae by
Group of answer choices
showing that avirulent cells could become virulent by the process of transduction
none of these is true.
showing that virulent cells could become avirulent if the DNA was destroyed after transformation
showing that avirulent cells could not gain the ability to become virulent cells if conjugation was interrupted.
showing that avirulent cells could not gain the ability to become virulent if DNA was destroyed after transformation.
A common way to prevent infectious viral diseases, such as COVID-19 and the flu, is to develop a vaccine for the virus that causes them. Vaccines can be made from a virus’s proteins or other parts, or from a virus that has been inactivated and is no longer harmful. Some vaccines, such as the flu vaccine, need to be modified every year to keep up with changes in the virus.
Studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 has a slower mutation rate than the influenza virus, which causes the flu.
This means that mutations occur less frequently in SARS-CoV-2’s genome than in the influenza virus’s genome.
Based on the information above, explain why it may be possible to develop a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine that would not have to be modified as often as the flu vaccine.
There are concerns about overuse and misuse of antibacterial drugs, and the association of these with increased antibiotic resisstance in bacteria. Of the following, which best explains this?
Antibiotic exposure directly causes many of bacterial in a population to mutate and develop new antibiotic resistance traits.
If antibiotic use occurs repeatedly in a person, the dosage of the drug needs to be increased to work in a patient’s system because he/she will develop physiological tolerance to the antibiotic.
Exposure to an antibiotic causes bacteria to die or become stronger; stronger bacteria will be better able to cope with additional exposures to any antibiotic drug, eventually becoming immune to all antibiotics.
Antibiotics kill susceptible cells and even a small number of existing resistant bacteria that survive will become the majority of the population that remains, leading to populations that are resistant to this drug.
Chapter 27 Solutions
BIOLOGY
Ch. 27.1 - Prob. 1LOCh. 27.1 - Prob. 2LOCh. 27.1 - Describe classification systems for prokaryotes.Ch. 27.2 - Prob. 1LOCh. 27.2 - Prob. 2LOCh. 27.2 - Prob. 3LOCh. 27.3 - Prob. 1LOCh. 27.3 - Prob. 2LOCh. 27.3 - Prob. 3LOCh. 27.4 - Describe the metabolic strategies employed by...
Ch. 27.4 - Compare and contrast the ways prokaryotes can...Ch. 27.5 - Describe the role of prokaryotes in biogeochemical...Ch. 27.5 - Prob. 2LOCh. 27.5 - Prob. 3LOCh. 27.6 - Prob. 1LOCh. 27.6 - Prob. 2LOCh. 27.6 - Prob. 3LOCh. 27 - Data analysis If the excision of an F plasmid Is...Ch. 27 - Prob. 1IQCh. 27 - Prob. 1UCh. 27 - A bacteria that obtains carbon from the atmosphere...Ch. 27 - Prob. 3UCh. 27 - Bacteria and archaebacteria may be distinguished...Ch. 27 - Prob. 5UCh. 27 - Prob. 6UCh. 27 - Prob. 7UCh. 27 - Prob. 1ACh. 27 - Prob. 2ACh. 27 - Prob. 3ACh. 27 - Prob. 4ACh. 27 - Prob. 5ACh. 27 - Some bacteria are capable of forming NH4+ from...Ch. 27 - Prob. 7ACh. 27 - Prob. 1SCh. 27 - Prob. 2SCh. 27 - Use of multiple antibiotics is not a bad idea if...Ch. 27 - Soil-based nitrogen-fixing bacteria appear to be...
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- You have isolated a strain of E.coli that is resistant to penicillin,streptomycin,chloramphenicol and tetracycline. You also observe that when you mix this strain with a strain that is sensitive to all four antibiotics, the new strain becomes resistant to streptomycin,penicillin and chloramphenicol but not tetracycline. Explain how this is so?arrow_forwardAll of the following apply to Luria and Delbrűck’s mutation theory as tested using E. Coli and T1 phage EXCEPT: A. It was performed using liquid bacterial cultures B. It involved looking for T1-resistant bacteria as an end measure C. It was supported by the finding that the number of final cultures that were T1 phage-resistant were constant from experiment to experiment D. It rejected the possibility of mutations occurring only in response to a T1 phage challenge E. It supported the concept of spontaneous mutation ratesarrow_forwarda. You have a test tube containing 5 ml of a solution of bacteriophages, and you would like to estimate the number of bacteriophages in the tube. Assuming the tube actually contains a total of 15 billion bacteriophages, design a serial dilution experiment that would allow you to estimate this number. Ideally, the final plaque-containing plates you count should contain more than 10 and fewer than 1000 plaques.arrow_forward
- Bacterial species that are harmful, as well as others that are beneficial, are found living in the human body. To slow the rate of developing antibiotic resistance in bacteria, physicians are being encouraged to use "narrow-spectrum" antibiotics- those that target only a few bacterial types. How can the information learned by antibiotic sensitivity testing be used by physicians who must choose antibiotics that inhibit the growth of bacteria causing disease but that do not interfere with beneficial bacteria?arrow_forwardWhich of the following best describes the mechanism of action of the antibiotic streptomycin? A. it disrupts protein synthesis in resistant bacteria. B. Streptomycin inhibits cell wall synthesis in all bacterial species. C. Streptomycin creates mutations in bacteria which cause them to become resistant. D. It disrupts protein synthesis in nonresistant bacteria.arrow_forwardSome advocate stockpiling the drug Tamiflu in the event of an influenza pandemic. Others point out that wealthy, Western nations would have an unfair advantage because developing nations (where the pandemic is most likely to start) would not have access to this expensive antiviral. Furthermore, some fear that indiscriminate use of the drug would promote the evolution of resistant flu strains. Given these caveats, do you think developed nations should stockpile Tamiflu for the protection and treatment of their citizens? Explain your answerarrow_forward
- The Kishony performed a simple but elegant experiment using a “mega-plate.” Which of the following is a fair conclusion that can be drawn from this study? The majority of antibiotic resistance occurs via horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between Actinobacteria Sensitive bacteria may acquire resistance to high concentrations of the antibiotic through many mutations Bacteria will gradually lose resistance to an antibiotic if you plate them on a large enough plate Bacteria will migrate via chemotaxis away from recombinant phage used in phage therapyarrow_forwardConsidering the proclivity of bacteria to share genetic information, discuss the concerns behind phenomena such as antibiotic resistance. In other words, why might it be a bad idea to not finish your antibiotic therapy as prescribed by your physician? Some people think that "saving some for later" is a good idea. Why might that not be the case?arrow_forwardWe transformed E coli cells with a plasmid modified to contain a ‘virulence factor’ which would allow growth on media containing the antibiotic kanamycin (Kan). The plasmid confers constitutive resistance to ampicillin (Amp). The bacterial experiment is about understanding whether such a ‘virulence factor’ confers physiological adaptation to Kan or whether the development of resistance can be explained by random mutations. For each independent transformation we re-suspended the cells from three colonies in Luria broth. For each suspension of cells we plated 100 microliters on a Kan plate. To estimate the number of cells seeded on each Kan plate we made four serial dilutions that were plated on Amp plates (1 – 4) and we counted the number of cells growing on them. From this we extrapolated how many cells had been seeded on the Kan plate. Then we normalised the Kan results for all the plates, assuming that every plate had been seeded with 10[5] cells. Consider two Kan plates, each with…arrow_forward
- All of the following apply to Luria and Delbruck’s 1943 study of mutation rates in E. Coli and T1 phage except: A) it served as an example of an inflexible test B) it involved looking for T1-resistant bacteria as an end measure C) it showed that numbers of mutant organisms observed after T 1 phage were added to the culture tended to vary from experiment to experiment D) it rejected the possibility of adaptive mutations E) it supported the concept of spontaneous mutation ratesarrow_forwardThe acquired antibiotic resistance genes encode what types of proteins that can inhibit the function of the antibiotic? list twoarrow_forwardTo understand the genes responsible for growth and infectivity in a disease-causing bacterial strain, you perform chemical mutagenesis on a culture of these bacteria. In the course of your investigation into the properties of the resulting mutants, you identify a set of mutant bacteria that is still viable but their virulence is significantly impaired. How might these mutants be useful for vaccine development?arrow_forward
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