Concept explainers
Interpretation:
The “second messenger” inside the cell that results from the epinephrine message should be determined. It should be explained that whether the ratio of epinephrine molecules to second messenger is less than
Concept Introduction:
Secondary messengers are short lived intracellular signaling molecules. Elevated concentration of these types of messengers leads to rapid alteration in the activity of one or more cellular enzymes.
cAMP is a cyclic
Enzymes are proteins that increase the
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EBK FUNDAMENTALS OF GENERAL, ORGANIC, A
- Overexpression of this receptor in the cells of the adrenal gland causes Cushing's syndrome, a disease caused by the overproduction of cortisol. One strategy that scientists have employed to treat this disease is the use of small molecules that bind to, but do not activate, MC2R. This type of molecule is generically referred to as an antagonist. How can an antagonist bind to the same receptor as ACTH but not activate it? O a. The antagonist can bind covalently while ACTH binds non-covalently O b. The antagonist is only partially complimentary to the binding pocket of MC2R O The antagonist binds to ACTH and blocks it from binding to the receptor properly O d. The antagonist is the exact same structure as ACTH but since it is synthetic it doesn't work One cause of Cushing's syndrome is the inappropriate production of GPCRS in the adrenal gland that are not normally present in those cells. When these receptors are activated they result in the production of cortisol. Which statement about…arrow_forwardThis is a signaling pathway that involves a second messenger: epinephrine → G protein-coupled receptor → G protein → adenylyl cyclase → cAMP. Which one is known as the second messenger?arrow_forwardWhich of the chemical messengers in the nervous system acts as a neuromodulator and has effects similar to opiates?arrow_forward
- The same second messengers are used in many different cells, but the response to second messengers is different in each cell. How is this possible?arrow_forwardList the four categories of chemical messengers of intercellular communication?arrow_forwardThe hormones known as "catecholamines" (adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine) are not lipid-soluble. Therefore their receptor sites are: O a) On the inside of the plasma membrane O b) On the outside of the plasma membrane O c) In the cell cytoplasm O d) In the cell nucleusarrow_forward
- Describe the difference between agonist and antagonist. What is a role of G-protein coupled receptors?arrow_forwardWhat are the receptor(s) involved in caffeine binding?What kind of interaction is established between them,based on the four types of receptors below: Voltage Gated Ion Channels G-protein coupled receptor Enzyme-linked receptor Intracellular receptorarrow_forwardWhat is the difference between a G protein and a receptor tyrosine kinase? Give an example of a hormone that uses each.arrow_forward
- Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap ...BiologyISBN:9781285866932Author:Lauralee SherwoodPublisher:Cengage Learning