Brock Biology of Microorganisms - MasteringBiology With eText - Access
15th Edition
ISBN: 9780134602288
Author: MADIGAN
Publisher: PEARSON
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Textbook Question
Chapter 30, Problem 4AQ
Discuss the molecular biology of antigenic shift in influenza viruses and comment on the immunological consequences for the host. Why has antigenic shift prevented the production of a single universally effective vaccine for influenza control? Next, compare antigenic shift to antigenic drift. Which causes the greatest antigenic change? Which creates the biggest problems for vaccine developers? Which can lead to pandemic influenza, and why?
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionStudents have asked these similar questions
Compare and contrast antigenic drift and antigenic shift in influenza viruses.
Which of the following statements concerning antigenic drift in influenza viruses is correct?
A-It results in major antigenic changes
B-It affects predominantly the matrix protein
C-It is exhibited by only influenza A viruses
D-It is due to frame shift mutations in viral genes
E-It results in new sub types over time
Explain why a different influenza vaccine is necessary every year. How is this different from the development of pandemic versions? Please include in your answer the terms antigenic shift and antigenic drift.
Chapter 30 Solutions
Brock Biology of Microorganisms - MasteringBiology With eText - Access
Ch. 30.1 - Why can it be said that respiratory pathogens have...Ch. 30.1 - Prob. 2MQCh. 30.1 - Prob. 1CRCh. 30.2 - Prob. 1MQCh. 30.2 - What is the primary virulence factor for...Ch. 30.2 - Prob. 1CRCh. 30.3 - Prob. 1MQCh. 30.3 - What measures can be taken to decrease the current...Ch. 30.3 - Prob. 1CRCh. 30.4 - Why is Mycobacterium tuberculosis a widespread...
Ch. 30.4 - Prob. 2MQCh. 30.4 - QDescribe the process of infection by...Ch. 30.5 - Identify the symptoms and causes of meningitis.Ch. 30.5 - Describe the infection by Neisseria meningitidis...Ch. 30.5 - QDescribe the symptoms of meningococcemia and...Ch. 30.6 - How do the genomes of the measles virus and the...Ch. 30.6 - Describe the potential serious outcomes of...Ch. 30.6 - Identify the effects of immunization on the...Ch. 30.6 - Prob. 1CRCh. 30.7 - Prob. 1MQCh. 30.7 - Discuss the possibilities for effective treatment...Ch. 30.7 - QWhy are colds such common respiratory diseases,...Ch. 30.8 - Distinguish between antigenic drift and antigenic...Ch. 30.8 - Prob. 2MQCh. 30.8 - Prob. 1CRCh. 30.9 - What is the normal habitat of Staphylococcus...Ch. 30.9 - Prob. 2MQCh. 30.9 - QDistinguish between pathogenic staphylococci and...Ch. 30.10 - Prob. 1MQCh. 30.10 - How can gastric ulcers be diagnosed? How can they...Ch. 30.10 - QDescribe the evidence linking Helicobacter pylori...Ch. 30.11 - Prob. 1MQCh. 30.11 - Prob. 2MQCh. 30.11 - Prob. 1CRCh. 30.12 - Prob. 1MQCh. 30.12 - Prob. 2MQCh. 30.12 - Prob. 1CRCh. 30.13 - Prob. 1MQCh. 30.13 - Explain at least one potential reason for the high...Ch. 30.13 - Prob. 3MQCh. 30.13 - QWhy did the incidence of gonorrhea rise...Ch. 30.14 - Prob. 1MQCh. 30.14 - Prob. 2MQCh. 30.14 - Prob. 1CRCh. 30.15 - Prob. 1MQCh. 30.15 - Prob. 2MQCh. 30.15 - Prob. 3MQCh. 30.15 - QDescribe how human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)...Ch. 30 - Prob. 1AQCh. 30 - Prob. 2AQCh. 30 - Prob. 3AQCh. 30 - Discuss the molecular biology of antigenic shift...
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- What part of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is a potential target site for a vaccine? Explain your reasoning; include in your discussion the following terms: antigen, epitope, and antibody.arrow_forwardCan meningitis caused by H. influenzae be prevented by vaccination? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of recent vaccines used for H. influenza.arrow_forwardExplain how each covid vaccine works and how health officials believe they will aid in the pandemic? What should we expect as more and more people get vaccinated? Will things immediately go back to the way they were before?arrow_forward
- You have been hired by a major pharmaceutical company to develop a new vaccine toprevent COVID-19 infection and spread.a. What is a virus? Describe the viral life cycle. (3 marks)b. Describe the difference between an antiviral drug and a vaccine. (1 mark)c. What are three qualities you would prioritize when developing this new vaccine forCOVID-19 that you would want in the end-product? (6 marks) Note: Qualities should be overarching characteristics of the developed drug, not specifics regarding various molecular mechanisms of actionarrow_forwardWhy is vaccine coverage needed to control an infectious disease dependent on the transmissibility of the disease? Give examples of pathogens with different R0 numbers and the corresponding vaccine coverage needed to control their spread.arrow_forwardAccording to the article which was written before the COVID-19 vaccine was created, when do people turn to magic? How can this tendency, which happens across cultures and throughout history, contribute to the current spread of the novel coronavirus and its variants?arrow_forward
- Can you compare and contrast the infection process of influenza and HIV? What are the specific molecules on the surface of each virus that directly interacts with the respective cellular receptor molecule? What is/are the specific molecules on the surface of the respective target cells that serve as the cellular receptors for these viruses respectively?arrow_forwardWhich of the following is the most likely explanation for an individual who lacks CCR5 as a result of a homozygous defect in the CCR5 gene becoming infected with HIV? a. The mutated CCR5 genes reverted to the normal form, rendering macrophages susceptible to macrophagetropic HIV variants. b. The macrophage-tropic HIV variant entered host cells using CD4 alone. c. The viral nucleic acid alone was taken up by cells, as in cell transformation by bacterial DNA. d. The individual had received a transplant of HIV-infected cells expressing normal CCR5. e. The primary infection involved a lymphocyte-tropic strain of HIV that used CXCR4 as its co-receptor.arrow_forwardTo test what is the optimal vaccine for disease X, we vaccinated 4 people at different concentrations of killed pathogen. a. Is it an active or passive vaccine? Explain your answer. b. Which of the subjects was vaccinated with a high concentration of killed pathogen? Which of the people get a very low concentration of Killed pathogen? Explain your answer. c. If an epidemic breaks out 100 days after the first vaccination, which of the people in the figure should be vaccinated so as not to Will get sick? Which vaccine will you choose? d. Describe in words and illustration what the response of the vaccine will look like in person 1 and in person 3 following another vaccine 70 Days after the first vaccination. What feature of the immune system is expressed here? e. . Is it the innate or acquired immune system? Explain your answer. f. If an epidemic of another disease breaks out, are these people vaccinated against it? Explain your answer.What feature of the immune system is expressed here?arrow_forward
- Some older vaccines used a weakened strain of the pathogenic virus in the injection in the hope that the weakened virus would induce an immune response without causing disease. The virus vectors used in genetic engineering have all the harmful virus genes cut out and replaced with the foreign gene, such as one that makes a protein that is absent in the human patient. Which type of viral vaccine would you prefer to take as the safest option? Why? Some Covid 19 vaccines in development use the adenovirus, a common vector used in gene therapies, to inject the mRNa for the spike protein into human muscle cells. Why might vaccines using a virus vector be more likely to need only refrigeration and not deep-cold storage, given what you know about viruses?arrow_forwardDescribes two ways that influenza virus changes every year , requiring development of new vaccines?arrow_forwardDescribe two advantages of an inactivated vaccine over an attenuated one.arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
- Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSONBiology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStaxAnatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
- Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & CompanyLaboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:PEARSON
Biology 2e
Biology
ISBN:9781947172517
Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher:OpenStax
Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:9781259398629
Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa Stouter
Publisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9780815344322
Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter
Publisher:W. W. Norton & Company
Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:9781260159363
Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, Cynthia
Publisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9781260231700
Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael Windelspecht
Publisher:McGraw Hill Education
Immune System and Immune Response Animation; Author: Medical Sciences Animations;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDdbUBXPKc4;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY
Immune response: summary; Author: Dr Bhavsar Biology;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ADANgHkX4OY;License: Standard Youtube License