Principles of Physics: A Calculus-Based Text
Principles of Physics: A Calculus-Based Text
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781133104261
Author: Raymond A. Serway, John W. Jewett
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 31, Problem 63P
To determine

The temperature of the 1.00% population of photons.

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In solid helium the spacing between atoms is about 3Å . Helium contains 2 protons and 2 neutrons, so the mass of a helium atom is 6.6×10−27 kg. What is the smallest possible energy of a helium atom in solid helium? What temperature (in Kelvin) does this energy correspond with? (Boltzmann's constant is kb=1.38×10−23 J/K
The Sun and all Main Sequence stars derive their luminosity by fusing hydrogen to helium; in particular 4 1H ® 1 4He + Energy (photons) The mass of a proton is 1.0078 AMU, while the mass of a helium nucleus is 4.0026 AMU. a)     How much mass is ``lost'' (in AMU and kg) in fusing four H atoms to one helium?  This is called the mass defect.  b)     Mass isn't really lost, of course.  It is converted to energy via E=mc2. How much energy in joules (J) is liberated in a single reaction? c)     How many reactions per second are required to account for the entire luminosity of the Sun?
The degeneracy pressure of the electrons can stabilize the collapse of a star due to gravity by equating the gravitational inward pressure with the outward electron gas degeneracy pressure. These cold stars called white dwarfs have small radii compared to their original size and this radius decreases as the original mass of the star increases. As the mass of a star increases, the electron energy increases to a point in which their energy has to be treated relativistically. (a) Evaluate the degeneracy pressure for ultra-relativistic electrons (problem 2, above). (b) As the pressure increases, the reaction e − + p → n + ν takes place. The neutrinos (ν) escape as matter is transparent to them, electrons and protons convert to neutrons until we are left with a neutron star. Using your expression for the degeneracy pressure obtained in (a) above, equate the gravitational pressureto the neutron degeneracy pressure (replace the electron’s mass in your degeneracy pressure expression from (a)…

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Principles of Physics: A Calculus-Based Text

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