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Concept explainers
To determine:
The human body’s three lines of defense against microbes.
Introduction:
The body’s mechanisms that protect against microbial infections are of three types: external barrier, innate and adaptive immune response. Together, these mechanisms protect the body against the infections and any invading infectious agent.
To determine:
The specific type and non-specific type of defense among the human body’s three lines of defense.
Introduction:
External barrier, innate and adaptive immune response are the three lines of defense against microorganisms in the body. Among these some are specific and some are nonspecific in action.
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Chapter 37 Solutions
Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology Plus Mastering Biology with Pearson eText -- Access Card Package (11th Edition)
- The Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cripples the specific immune response because HIV OA) directly destroys macrophages O B) directly destroys natural killer cells OC) directly destroys suppressor T cells OD) directly destroys helper T cells OE) All of the abovearrow_forwardWhich of your body’s nonspecific host defenses would help fight a pathogen entering your body through each of the following portals? (a) A small cut on your hand; (b) inhalation into your lungs; (c) ingestion with contaminated food.arrow_forwardWhat is the defense mechanism called in the question pictured below?arrow_forward
- Pathogens have a variety of traits that interact with a host and enable the pathogen to enter a host, adhere to host cells, gain access to nutrients, and escape detection or removal by the immune system. These traits are called virulence factors. The following enzymes and toxin can act as virulence factors and contribute to bacteria’s pathogenicity. What are the specific actions of the following enzymes and toxin that make them virulence factors? Coagulase Kinase (such as staphylokinases and streptokinases) Hyaluronidase Collagenase Cytotoxinarrow_forwardWhich line of defense includes low temperature that inhibits the growth of bacteria?arrow_forwardWhich of the following cells in the diagram shown below phagocytizes antigen-antibody complexes and is effective against parasitic worms? Courtesy Michael Ross, University of Florida А В C D E a) A O b) B c) C d) D O el Earrow_forward
- How do you distinquish between Normal flora vs. Pathogen?arrow_forward4) A patient has their spleen removed due to an accident. How will this affect the immune response? 5) You come in contact with staphylococci through a cut. What cellular features will the immune cells recognize? 6) Name two opsonins and how do these molecules help the immune response? 7) Fever is part of the inflammatory process. What is the role of fever during an immune response? 8) This chemical is used to induce anti-viral responses in cells to protect the cells from viral infections. 9) This complement activation pathway is activated when complement binds to an antibody bound to antigens.arrow_forwardWhat is meant by an opportunistic pathogen?arrow_forward
- What is the one cell type that does the most to coordinate and control the adaptive immune response? A) cytotoxic T cells B) antibodies C) helper T cells D) B cellsarrow_forwardRemoval of apoptotic cells are done by: Question 6 options: a) phagocytes or neighboring cells. b) circulatory system sweeping away the fragmented cells. c) fragmentation of the cell into small enough pieces that they are swept away by extracellular fluid. d) fusion of the apoptotic cell to neighboring cells to form multinucleate cells. e) migration of the apoptotic cells from the tissue to the lymphatic system to be flushed out.arrow_forwardHow does DNA relate to the behavior of a microorganism? What is the connection between a pathogen's DNA its ability to cause disease?arrow_forward
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