Pearson eText Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology -- Instant Access (Pearson+)
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780135755785
Author: Gerald Audesirk, Teresa Audesirk
Publisher: PEARSON+
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Chapter 39, Problem 4FIB
Summary Introduction
Introduction:
The nervous system has complex functions and is the main controlling system for the coordination of several other function of the body. The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
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Botulinum toxin (Botox) works by blocking the exocytosis of acetylcholine. A number of different medical and cosmetic procedures use this chemical. Injection of small quantities of botulinum toxin (Botox) into specific overactive muscles causes muscle relaxation that smooths the skin and reduces wrinkles. Injection into certain spinal ganglia helps reduce a certain form of chronic pain, and injections into the salivary glands causes the reduction of overactive saliva production.
What type of toxin is Botox?
a. Agonist
b. Antagonist
We regularly make conscious decisions to make specific muscular movements. For example,
when using the touch interface of your phone, you make a conscious effort to scroll up and down
the screen using your finger.
In contrast, there are many muscular movements that cannot be controlled voluntarily. For
example, you cannot make your heart stop by thinking about it.
Which of the following statements correctly identifies the parts of the nervous system that are
involved in voluntary and involuntary actions, respectively?
Select one:
a. Motor neurons of the somatic nervous system and motor neurons of the autonomic nervous
system
b. Motor neurons of the autonomic nervous system and sensory neurons of the somatic
nervous system
c. Sensory neurons of the somatic nervous system and sensory neurons of the autonomic
nervous system
d. Sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system and motor neurons of the autonomic
nervous system
Botulinum toxin (Botox) works by blocking the exocytosis of acetylcholine. A number of different medical and cosmetic procedures use this chemical. Injection of small quantities of botulinum toxin (Botox) into specific overactive muscles causes muscle relaxation that smooths the skin and reduces wrinkles. Injection into certain spinal ganglia helps reduce a certain form of chronic pain, and injections into the salivary glands causes the reduction of overactive saliva production.
What type of toxin is Botox?
Agonist
or
Antagonist
Chapter 39 Solutions
Pearson eText Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology -- Instant Access (Pearson+)
Ch. 39.1 - describe the structure of a typical neuron?Ch. 39.1 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 39.2 - Prob. 1TCCh. 39.2 - Prob. 1CSCCh. 39.2 - Prob. 1CYLCh. 39.2 - explain how an action potential in a presynaptic...Ch. 39.2 - Prob. 3CYLCh. 39.3 - Prob. 1TCCh. 39.3 - Prob. 1CYLCh. 39.3 - Prob. 2CYL
Ch. 39.3 - explain how the brain determines which muscles to...Ch. 39.4 - describe the anatomy of diffuse and centralized...Ch. 39.5 - John comes to the emergency room with neither...Ch. 39.5 - Prob. 1CSCCh. 39.5 - Prob. 2TCCh. 39.5 - Prob. 1CTCh. 39.5 - Prob. 1HYEWCh. 39.5 - distinguish between the central and peripheral...Ch. 39.5 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 39.5 - label diagrams of the human brain and spinal cord,...Ch. 39.5 - Prob. 4CYLCh. 39.5 - Prob. 5CYLCh. 39.5 - Prob. 2CTCh. 39 - Prob. 1MCCh. 39 - Neurotransmitters are typically released by a a....Ch. 39 - Automatic bodily functions such as breathing and...Ch. 39 - Prob. 4MCCh. 39 - Prob. 5MCCh. 39 - Prob. 1FIBCh. 39 - Prob. 2FIBCh. 39 - Prob. 3FIBCh. 39 - Prob. 4FIBCh. 39 - Prob. 5FIBCh. 39 - Prob. 6FIBCh. 39 - Prob. 1RQCh. 39 - Prob. 2RQCh. 39 - What are the four elements of a neuronal pathway,...Ch. 39 - Prob. 4RQCh. 39 - Prob. 5RQCh. 39 - Prob. 6RQCh. 39 - Explain the differences between short-term memory...Ch. 39 - Prob. 1ACCh. 39 - Prob. 2AC
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- Which part of the nervous system directly controls the digestive system? a. parasympathetic nervous system b. central nervous system c. spinal cord d. sensory-somatic nervous systemarrow_forwardThe autonomous nervous system regulates involuntary functions of the body and can be subdivided into the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system. Both of these systems control the same group of body functions, but have opposite effects on the functions they regulate. The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for intense physical activity like the fight-or-flight response. The parasympathetic nervous system has the opposite effect and relaxes the body and inhibits or slows many high energy functions. Which of the following involuntary effects in the body are brought about by the sympathetic nervous system during a fight-or- flight situation? i. Increased salivation ii. Increased digestion ii. Loss of bowel and bladder control iv. Body shivering Сrying Pupil dilation B. i, iv and v V. vi. A. i, ii and vi C. iii, iv and vi D. iii and varrow_forwardThe sensory (afferent) division of the peripheral nervous systey B: transmits action potentials toward the central nervous system.C: stimulates glands to release hormones.D: stimulates muscle contractions.E: does not involve sensory receptors.arrow_forward
- Match the following components of the nervous system with their correct descriptions Interneurons Sensory neurons Motor neurons Nerve net Neurons that send signals to effector cells like muscles and glands that affect change Neurons that carry signals from the environment to the central nervous system from the peripheral nervous system Neurons that transmit signals between other neurons, part of the CNS A diffuse arrangement of neurons that are found in jellyfish and other cnidariansarrow_forwardWhich of the following is stimulated by the Sympathetic nervous system? Question 9 options: Increased dilation of respiratory tubes in lungs during exercise Increased contractions of the digestive system for peristalsis Increased contractions of rectum muscles to defecate Increased saliva and tear production Increased contractions of urinary bladder to urinatearrow_forward_____ neurons carry impulses from the muscle to the CNS, while _____ neurons complete the loop by carrying impulses from the CNS to the muscle. Group of answer choices Sensory, motor Flexion, extension Input, output Synchronous, asynchronousarrow_forward
- In the autonomic nervous system, AChEls will increase activity of the: a. parasympathetic activity b. sympathetic activity C. both sympathetic and parasympathetic activityarrow_forwardWhich of the following statements regarding the motor end plate in the somatic motor division of the nervous system is true? After the activation of voltage-gated calcium channels, the neuron releases ACh onto the muscarinic receptors on the surface of the highly folded area of the muscle fibre. The preganglionic nerve fibre releases ACh onto the postganglionic nerve fibre, which then releases ACh onto the cholinergic receptors of the motor end plate. Chemically gated monovalent cation channels on the motor end plate are activated once the motor neuron releases ACh onto the nicotinic receptors on the surface of the muscle cell. The AChE enzyme enhances the amount of ACh released into the neuromuscular junctionarrow_forwardIn muscles, acetylcholine is released by the _________________________and opens specific channels that allow the ion ______ to depolarize the membrane. motor neuron, sodium motor neuron, potassium muscle fibril, sodium muscle fibril, potassiumarrow_forward
- Consider that you are at the starting line of the 100-meter Olympic race. The biggest race of your life is about to start when the gun will go off. What is currently happening with the autonomic nervous system? What reaction are your organs giving? Cite referencearrow_forwardMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a disorder that causes the destruction of myelin sheaths surrounding neurons. People with MS display many symptoms, including slurred speech, double vision, and poor muscle coordination. What is the direct effect of MS on nerve impulse transmission? Select one: The movement of impulses along neurons is slower than normal. Dendrites cannot be stimulated by acetylcholine, therefore impulses are not generated in neurons. The threshold level of stimulation for neurons is greater than normal. Axons cannot sectete acetylcholine, therefore impulses are not able to travel across synapses. Oarrow_forwardThe nervous system helps all parts of the body communicate with each other. It is made up of several sub-divisions with each subdivision havingstructural and functional characteristics that distinguish it from the others. Complete the diagram to show all the missing sections and explain their functions and where relevant their relationships to each other.arrow_forward
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