Becker's World of the Cell (9th Edition)
9th Edition
ISBN: 9780321934925
Author: Jeff Hardin, Gregory Paul Bertoni
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 4, Problem 4.10PS
The Endosymbiont Theory. The endosymbiont theory suggests that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from ancient bacteria that were ingested by primitive nucleated cells. Over hundreds of millions of years, the ingested bacteria lost features not essential for survival inside the host cell.
- (a) Based on what you have learned about the membrane systems of organelles, for each of the membrane systems found in mitochondria (two systems) and chloroplasts (three systems), indicate whether it most likely arose from an ingested bacterium or from the nucleated host. Explain your reasoning.
- (b) Describe one structure or
metabolic process that aerobic bacteria might have dispensed with once they became endosymbionts in a eukaryotic cell. How would loss of this feature prevent the bacteria from living outside the host? - (c) Describe one structure or metabolic process that cyanobacteria might have dispensed with once they became endosymbionts in a eukaryotic cell. How would loss of this feature prevent the bacteria from living outside the host?
- (d) Peroxisomes, unlike mitochondria or chloroplasts, scarcely resemble free-living organisms, yet biologists have suggested that peroxisomes may also have arisen via endosymbiosis. Assuming peroxisomes evolved from ingested bacteria, describe three features mitochondria retain but peroxisomes apparently lost over hundreds of millions of years. Describe one advantage peroxisomes might have conferred on ancient nucleated cells.
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Organelle
Biochemical Process
Importance
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Covalent modification and distribution of synthesized proteins
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Lipid synthesis
DNA
storage of genetic material
Nucleolus
site for ribosome synthesis
Vesicle
Cell-cell Communication and Transport
Ribosome
a major site for protein synthesis
endoplasmic reticulum in plants and animals
Question:-
MATCH EACH WITH THE LETTER.
1. RIBOSOME
2. NUCLEUS
3. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RECTICULUM (ER)
4. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RECTICULUM (ER)
5. LYSOSOME
6. MITOCHONDIRA
-------------------------------
A. CONTAINS DNA
B. CHOLESTEROL AND FAT SYNTHESIS
C. CELL MEMBRANES FACTORY (ALSO HAS RIBOSOMES ON ITS SURFACE)
D. POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL WHICH PRODUCES ATP
E. MAKES PROTEINS
F. CONTAINS DIGESTIVE ENZYMES THAT BREAKDOWN WORN OUT CELL STRUCTURES
Chapter 4 Solutions
Becker's World of the Cell (9th Edition)
Ch. 4 - Why do scientists currently believe that RNA,...Ch. 4 - You have discovered a new organism living in...Ch. 4 - If a scientist were studying a disease in which...Ch. 4 - Imagine that you are building an artificial...Ch. 4 - If viruses are nonliving particles, how can they...Ch. 4 - Wrong Again. For each of the following false...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.2PSCh. 4 - Toward an Artificial Cell. Scientists have...Ch. 4 - Sentence Completion. Complete each of the...Ch. 4 - Telling Them Apart. Suggest a way to distinguish...
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- Organelles and Cystic Fibrosis A plasma membrane transport protein called CFTR moves chloride ions out of cells lining cavities and ducts of the lungs, liver, pancreas, intestines, and reproductive system. Water that follows the ions creates a thin film that allows mucus to slide easily through these structures. People with cystic fibrosis (CF) have too few copies of the CFTR protein in the plasma membranes of their cells. Not enough chloride ions leave the cells, and so not enough water leaves them either. The result is thick, dry mucus that clogs the airways to the lungs and other passages. Symptoms include difficulty breathing and chronic lung infections. In 2000, researchers tracked the cellular location of the CFTR protein as it was being produced in cells from people with CF (Figure 3.13). Figure 3.13 Cellular location of the CFTR protein. Graph compares the amounts of CFTR protein found in endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles traveling from ER to Golgi, and Golgi bodies in CF cells and normal cells. In which organelle is the amount of CFTR protein most similar in both types of cells?arrow_forwardOrganelles and Cystic Fibrosis A plasma membrane transport protein called CFTR moves chloride ions out of cells lining cavities and ducts of the lungs, liver, pancreas, intestines, and reproductive system. Water that follows the ions creates a thin film that allows mucus to slide easily through these structures. People with cystic fibrosis (CF) have too few copies of the CFTR protein in the plasma membranes of their cells. Not enough chloride ions leave the cells, and so not enough water leaves them either. The result is thick, dry mucus that clogs the airways to the lungs and other passages. Symptoms include difficulty breathing and chronic lung infections. In 2000, researchers tracked the cellular location of the CFTR protein as it was being produced in cells from people with CF (Figure 3.13). Figure 3.13 Cellular location of the CFTR protein. Graph compares the amounts of CFTR protein found in endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles travel in g from ER to Golgi, and Golgi bodies in CF cells and normal cells. Which organelle contains the least amount of CFTR protein in normal cells? In CF cells?arrow_forwardtrue or false? And why it is false For the actin cytoskeleton, diverse cell-surface receptors trigger global structural rearrangements in response to external signals. But all these signals seem to converge inside the cell on a group of closely related monomeric GTPases that are members of the Rho protein family—Cdc42, Ras, and Rho. The same Rho family proteins are also involved in the establishment of many kinds of cell polarity.arrow_forward
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Endosymbiotic Theory; Author: Amoeba Sisters;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FGnS-Xk0ZqU;License: Standard Youtube License