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(a)
Interpretation:
The molar change in chemical potential of an ideal gas which expands by
Concept introduction:
The chemical potential is the energy absorbed or released in a
(b)
Interpretation:
The molar change in chemical potential of an ideal gas which expands by
Concept introduction:
The chemical potential is the energy absorbed or released in a chemical reaction or in phase transition. Chemical potential shows the change in Gibbs function with the change in composition of mixture.
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Chapter 4 Solutions
Physical Chemistry
- Here you are invited to explore the thermodynamic properties of a gas and its ability to condense to a liquid. Suppose that a gas obeys the van der Waals equation of state with the repulsive effects much greater than the attractive effects (that is, neglect the parameter a). (a) Find an expression for the change in molar Gibbs energy when the pressure is changed from pi to pf. (b) Is the change greater or smaller than for a perfect gas? (c) Estimate the percentage difference between the van der Waals and perfect gas calculations for carbon dioxide undergoing a change from 1.0 atm to 10.0 atm. (d) At the critical point of the gas, dp/dV = 0 and d2p/dV2 = 0. These relations identify the point of inflexion of the isotherms as shown. Show that a gas described by the equation of state p = nRT/V - an2/V2 + bn3/V3 shows critical behaviour, and express the critical constants in terms of the parameters a and b.arrow_forward[3] (b) Formulate the criteria of spontaneity at constant volume and pressure by using the Helmholtz energy (A) and Gibbs energy (G)? (CSLO 2,arrow_forwardCalculate (a) the (molar) Gibbs energy of mixing, (b) the(molar) entropy of mixing when the two major componentsof air (nitrogen and oxygen) are mixed to form air at 298 K.The mole fractions of N2 and 0 2 are 0.78 and 0.22. respectively. (c) Is the mixing spontaneous?arrow_forward
- Calculate (a) the standard reaction entropy and (b) the change in entropyof the surroundings (at 298 K) of the reaction N2(g) + 3 H2(g) → 2 NH3(g). (c) Hence calculate the standard Gibbs energy of the reaction.arrow_forwardThe standard state of a substance used to be defined as 1 atm at the specified temperature. By how much does the current definition of standard chemical potential (at 1 bar) differ from its former value at 298.15 K?arrow_forwardCalculate the standard Gibbs free energy in kJ mol–1.arrow_forward
- Calculate the standard molar Gibbs energy of neon gas at 298 K.arrow_forwardCalculate the change in chemical potential of a perfect gas when its pressure is increased isothermally from 1.8 atm to 29.5 atm at 40°Carrow_forwardCalculate the change in molar Gibbs energy of carbon dioxide (treated as a perfect gas) at 20 °c when its pressure is changed isothermally from 1.0 bar to (a) 3.0 bar. (b) 2. 7 x 10-4 atm, its partial pressure in dry air at sea level.arrow_forward
- Calculate the enthalpy for the reaction of nitrogen dioxide gas with liquid water to make aqueous nitric acid and nitrogen monoxide under standard conditions.arrow_forwardThe change in enthalpy as the number of moles of a substance changes can be expressed as the chemical potential of the substance. True or Falsearrow_forwardAt 25 °C, the equilibrium partial pressures for the reaction 2 A(g) + 2 B(g) = C(g) + 3 D(g) were found to be PA = 4.41 bar, PB 5.54 bar, Pc = 4.92 bar, and P, = 5.18 bar. What is the standard change in Gibbs free energy of this reaction at 25 °C? kJ/molarrow_forward
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