Chapter 4, Problem 48PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of compounds the IUPAC should be determined.

Concept introduction:

• Chair conformer: chair conformer is a stable conformer for cyclohexane compound. In this chair conformer two positions are important for substitutions one is equatorial and other one axial position. Axial positions are parallel to the axis of ring while equatorial positions are perpendicular to the axis of the ring.

  Example:

  

• Newman projection: Newman projection of molecule is one type of representations for the alkanes, where the projection visualization from one carbon to another carbon. In this Newman projection, front carbon which represented with dot is called proximal and the back carbon which represented with circle is called distal.

  

  The most stable conformation in the Newman projection is the one which has least steric hindrance among all conformations.

Systematic Name: It is a standardized name given for a chemical compound in systematic manner. Any organic molecule can be named by using IUPAC (International Union for Pure and applied chemistry) rules. IUPAC name consists of three parts in major namely Prefix suffix and root word.

Prefix represents the substituent present in the molecule. It can be any alkyl group and carboxy, amino, cyano etc…

Suffix represents the substituent present in the molecule. It can be any alkene, alkyne, alcohol, carboxylic acid, alcohol etc...

Root word represents the longest continuous carbon skeleton present in the organic molecule.

When a molecule consists of cyclic structure, the root word of the molecule is prefixed with cyclo.

Common Name: It is quiet opposite to systematic name which is used for branched groups.

Chirality: It refers to a Carbon atom in a molecule that contains four different substituents.

Enantiomers: they are chiral molecules whose mirror images are not superimposable.

R and S nomenclature: it is used to assign the molecule using CIP rules.

The CIP rules are as follows:

Select the chiral carbon and assign the numbers according to the decreasing atomic mass of atoms attached to it.

If the numbering follows clockwise direction then the molecule is termed as R and if it follows anti-clockwise direction then molecule is termed as S.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of compounds the IUPAC should be determined.

Concept introduction:

• Chair conformer: chair conformer is a stable conformer for cyclohexane compound. In this chair conformer two positions are important for substitutions one is equatorial and other one axial position. Axial positions are parallel to the axis of ring while equatorial positions are perpendicular to the axis of the ring.

  Example:

  

• Newman projection: Newman projection of molecule is one type of representations for the alkanes, where the projection visualization from one carbon to another carbon. In this Newman projection, front carbon which represented with dot is called proximal and the back carbon which represented with circle is called distal.

  

  The most stable conformation in the Newman projection is the one which has least steric hindrance among all conformations.

Systematic Name: It is a standardized name given for a chemical compound in systematic manner. Any organic molecule can be named by using IUPAC (International Union for Pure and applied chemistry) rules. IUPAC name consists of three parts in major namely Prefix suffix and root word.

Prefix represents the substituent present in the molecule. It can be any alkyl group and carboxy, amino, cyano etc…

Suffix represents the substituent present in the molecule. It can be any alkene, alkyne, alcohol, carboxylic acid, alcohol etc...

Root word represents the longest continuous carbon skeleton present in the organic molecule.

When a molecule consists of cyclic structure, the root word of the molecule is prefixed with cyclo.

Common Name: It is quiet opposite to systematic name which is used for branched groups.

Chirality: It refers to a Carbon atom in a molecule that contains four different substituents.

Enantiomers: they are chiral molecules whose mirror images are not superimposable.

R and S nomenclature: it is used to assign the molecule using CIP rules.

The CIP rules are as follows:

Select the chiral carbon and assign the numbers according to the decreasing atomic mass of atoms attached to it.

If the numbering follows clockwise direction then the molecule is termed as R and if it follows anti-clockwise direction then molecule is termed as S.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of compounds the IUPAC should be determined.

Concept introduction:

• Chair conformer: chair conformer is a stable conformer for cyclohexane compound. In this chair conformer two positions are important for substitutions one is equatorial and other one axial position. Axial positions are parallel to the axis of ring while equatorial positions are perpendicular to the axis of the ring.

  Example:

  

• Newman projection: Newman projection of molecule is one type of representations for the alkanes, where the projection visualization from one carbon to another carbon. In this Newman projection, front carbon which represented with dot is called proximal and the back carbon which represented with circle is called distal.

  

  The most stable conformation in the Newman projection is the one which has least steric hindrance among all conformations.

Systematic Name: It is a standardized name given for a chemical compound in systematic manner. Any organic molecule can be named by using IUPAC (International Union for Pure and applied chemistry) rules. IUPAC name consists of three parts in major namely Prefix suffix and root word.

Prefix represents the substituent present in the molecule. It can be any alkyl group and carboxy, amino, cyano etc…

Suffix represents the substituent present in the molecule. It can be any alkene, alkyne, alcohol, carboxylic acid, alcohol etc...

Root word represents the longest continuous carbon skeleton present in the organic molecule.

When a molecule consists of cyclic structure, the root word of the molecule is prefixed with cyclo.

Common Name: It is quiet opposite to systematic name which is used for branched groups.

Chirality: It refers to a Carbon atom in a molecule that contains four different substituents.

Enantiomers: they are chiral molecules whose mirror images are not superimposable.

R and S nomenclature: it is used to assign the molecule using CIP rules.

The CIP rules are as follows:

Select the chiral carbon and assign the numbers according to the decreasing atomic mass of atoms attached to it.

If the numbering follows clockwise direction then the molecule is termed as R and if it follows anti-clockwise direction then molecule is termed as S.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

For the given set of compounds the IUPAC should be determined.

Concept introduction:

• Chair conformer: chair conformer is a stable conformer for cyclohexane compound. In this chair conformer two positions are important for substitutions one is equatorial and other one axial position. Axial positions are parallel to the axis of ring while equatorial positions are perpendicular to the axis of the ring.

  Example:

  

• Newman projection: Newman projection of molecule is one type of representations for the alkanes, where the projection visualization from one carbon to another carbon. In this Newman projection, front carbon which represented with dot is called proximal and the back carbon which represented with circle is called distal.

  

  The most stable conformation in the Newman projection is the one which has least steric hindrance among all conformations.

Systematic Name: It is a standardized name given for a chemical compound in systematic manner. Any organic molecule can be named by using IUPAC (International Union for Pure and applied chemistry) rules. IUPAC name consists of three parts in major namely Prefix suffix and root word.

Prefix represents the substituent present in the molecule. It can be any alkyl group and carboxy, amino, cyano etc…

Suffix represents the substituent present in the molecule. It can be any alkene, alkyne, alcohol, carboxylic acid, alcohol etc...

Root word represents the longest continuous carbon skeleton present in the organic molecule.

When a molecule consists of cyclic structure, the root word of the molecule is prefixed with cyclo.

Common Name: It is quiet opposite to systematic name which is used for branched groups.

Chirality: It refers to a Carbon atom in a molecule that contains four different substituents.

Enantiomers: they are chiral molecules whose mirror images are not superimposable.

R and S nomenclature: it is used to assign the molecule using CIP rules.

The CIP rules are as follows:

Select the chiral carbon and assign the numbers according to the decreasing atomic mass of atoms attached to it.

If the numbering follows clockwise direction then the molecule is termed as R and if it follows anti-clockwise direction then molecule is termed as S.