Life: The Science of Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319010164
Author: David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally D. Hacker
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 44.2, Problem 4R
Summary Introduction
To review:
The reason behind a test performed by the physician to diagnose a demyelinating disease.
Introduction:
All the information in our body is transferred by the nerves after generation of an action potential. The conduction of information in the form of an electrical impulse is performed when an action potential travels from one nerve cell to another or from one nerve cell to a muscle cell. It is given that the test for the velocity of nerve conduction is performed by electrically stimulating a nerve at one end and recording the response of muscle response at a distal position.
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The moment following the passage of an action potential during which a threshold stimulus will not triggeranother impulse is called the ___________________ period.
Sin Young incorrectly classified proprioception as general somatic motor because it refers to the innervation of muscles. Actually, proprioception is general somatic sensory. Explain why.
Which of the following conduct sensory impulses to theCNS from receptors in muscle or skin?a. general somatic efferent fibersb. general somatic afferent fibersc. general visceral afferent fibersd. general visceral efferent fibers
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Life: The Science of Biology
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- Starting with a rod or cone cell, name the cells or structuresthat an action potential encounters while traveling to theoptic nerve.arrow_forwardTesting for neurological function involves a series oftests of functions associated with the cranial nerves. Whatfunctions, and therefore which nerves, are being tested byasking a patient to follow the tip of a pen with their eyes?arrow_forwardVisit this site (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/neurolab)to see a virtual neurophysiology lab, and to observeelectrophysiological processes in the nervous system,where scientists directly measure the electrical signalsproduced by neurons. Often, the action potentials occur sorapidly that watching a screen to see them occur is nothelpful. A speaker is powered by the signals recorded froma neuron and it “pops” each time the neuron fires an actionpotential. These action potentials are firing so fast that itsounds like static on the radio. Electrophysiologists canrecognize the patterns within that static to understand whatis happening. Why is the leech model used for measuringthe electrical activity of neurons instead of using humans?arrow_forward
- Which type of synapse is better suited for vision and hearing, and why?A. Metabotropic synapses because they produce quick, brief effectsB. Metabotropic synapses because they produce longerlasting effectsC. Ionotropic synapses because they produce quick, brief effectsD. Ionotropic synapses because they produce longerlasting effectsarrow_forward____________ is a neuromodulator that blocks the conduction of pain signals by second-order spinal neurons.a. Endorphinb. Enkephalinc. Substance Pd. Acetylcholinee. Norepinephrinearrow_forwardA presynaptic nerve fiber cannot cause ther neurons in its _________ to fire, but it can make them more sensitive to stimulation from other presynaptic fibers.arrow_forward
- Events in Proprioception: 1) Potassium channels open up 2) Threshold potential is reached 3) Sodium channels open up 4) Membrane potential returns to resting state. The order in which the events numbered above occur during proprioception is ______, ________, _______, and ________.arrow_forwardTrue or False The peripheral nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord.arrow_forwardAn autonomic neuroeffector junction Has the same structure as a somatic motor neuroeffector junction Uses only acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter Releases neurotransmitter from varicosities Does not require calcium for the release of the neurotransmitterarrow_forward
- The rattlesnake alerts enemies to its presence with a rattle—aset of modified scales at the tip of its tail. Describe the distinctroles of gated ion channels in initiating and moving a signalalong the nerve from the snake’s head to its tail and then fromthat nerve to the muscle that shakes the rattlearrow_forwardthe bacterium clostridium tetani produce a toxin called tetanospasmin, the causative agent os the disease tetanus. the toxin prevents the release of inhibitory transmitters in the CNS and so blocks the resulting IPSPs they would normally generate. what are some of the functions of inhibitory synapses? considering this what symptoms would you expect from the disease tetanus, and why? ( hint: imagine trying to stand up if all of the muscles in your lower limb contracted at the same time.)arrow_forward
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