Biology (MindTap Course List)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781337392938
Author: Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 45, Problem 7TYU
Summary Introduction
Introduction: Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins are Y-shaped proteins that are produced in the body to fight against the antigens that are the foreign substances. There are mainly five types of antibody: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD.
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Immunoglobulin A (a) recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (b) binds with NK cells (c) prevents pathogens from attaching to epithelial surfaces (d) is found mainly on dendritic cell surfaces (e) is found mainly on T-cell surfaces
What is the mechanism dendritic cells use to deliver the message about a specific pathogen to the adaptive immune system? (Start from the point where the dendritic cell first encounters the pathogen and end when the message is delivered to a lymphocyte.)
Receptors that trigger innate immune responses
a. are antibodies recognizing specific antigens.
b. are T-cell receptors recognizing specific antigens.
c. recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns.
d. are not specific at all.
Chapter 45 Solutions
Biology (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 45.1 - Prob. 1LOCh. 45.1 - Compare, in general terms, the immune responses...Ch. 45.1 - Prob. 1CCh. 45.1 - In general, how are vertebrate immune responses...Ch. 45.2 - Describe innate immune responses, including...Ch. 45.2 - Prob. 1CCh. 45.2 - Prob. 2CCh. 45.2 - Prob. 3CCh. 45.2 - VISUALIZE Draw a diagram illustrating the main...Ch. 45.3 - Prob. 4LO
Ch. 45.3 - Prob. 5LOCh. 45.3 - How are cell-mediated immunity and...Ch. 45.3 - Prob. 2CCh. 45.3 - Prob. 3CCh. 45.4 - Describe the sequence of events in cell-mediated...Ch. 45.4 - Prob. 1CCh. 45.5 - Summarize the sequence of events in...Ch. 45.5 - Prob. 8LOCh. 45.5 - Prob. 9LOCh. 45.5 - Prob. 10LOCh. 45.5 - Prob. 1CCh. 45.5 - Prob. 2CCh. 45.5 - Prob. 3CCh. 45.5 - Prob. 4CCh. 45.6 - Prob. 11LOCh. 45.6 - Describe examples of hypersensitivity, including...Ch. 45.6 - Prob. 1CCh. 45.6 - Prob. 2CCh. 45.6 - Prob. 3CCh. 45.6 - Prob. 4CCh. 45.6 - What is the immunological basis for graft...Ch. 45 - Innate immune responses include all but (a)...Ch. 45 - Cytokines (a) are regulatory Toll-like receptors...Ch. 45 - Which of the following is not an action of...Ch. 45 - Prob. 4TYUCh. 45 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 45 - Prob. 6TYUCh. 45 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 45 - Prob. 8TYUCh. 45 - Prob. 9TYUCh. 45 - Which sequence most accurately describes...Ch. 45 - VISUALIZE Label the following diagram and explain...Ch. 45 - Specificity, diversity, and memory are key...Ch. 45 - Prob. 13TYUCh. 45 - PREDICT A playmate in kindergarten exposes John...Ch. 45 - Prob. 15TYUCh. 45 - Prob. 16TYU
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- All of the following are true in reference to T-cell priming except _____. a. it occurs in primary lymphoid organs b. it transforms naive T cells into differentiated effector T cells c. it is the first stage of a primary adaptive immune response d. it requires interaction between naive T cells and antigen-presenting cells e. it takes place in many locations including, but not limited to, lymph nodes, Peyer’s patches, and the tonsils.arrow_forwardAdaptive immunity includes both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, which interact but also have distinct roles in adaptive immunity. Identify the example of a strictly cell-mediated immune response. A. A cytotoxic T cell destroys an infected host cell. B. A helper T cell activates a B cell. C. A B cell gives rise to plasma cells, which release antibodies. D. An antigen is taken in by an antigen-presenting cell.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is TRUE regarding Gram negative bacteria? a- Their cell wall is composed of a large proportion of sugars b- Their cell wall does not absorb the Gram stain and turns pink c- Their cell wall is composed of a small proportion of peptidoglycan d- Two of the above statements are true Which T-lymphocytes activate the B-cell response? 1- suppressor T-cells. 2- cytotoxic T-cells. 3- helper T-cells. 4- memory T-cells. Substances that are injected containing an antigen to stimulate the immune system to respond are called a- antibodies b- medications. c- vaccines d- antibioticsarrow_forward
- Once the antigen presenting cell delivers the message about the identity of the specific pathogen to the adaptive immune system, what is the mechanism of lymphocyte activation to make sure lymphocytes target that specific pathogen or toxin (Specificity)? Why does this process create a slow response during the first exposure of a pathogen?arrow_forwardThe first cell to initiate an adaptive immune response to a novel pathogen is _____. A. an antigen presenting cell such as a neutrophil or macrophage B. a helper T cell in the lymph nodes C. a B cell that binds a pathogen at the site of infection D. a memory cell that is activated directly by the pathogenarrow_forwardSuppose a person recovers normally from viral infections, but then gets the same viral infections over and over again- unlike the rest of us. A. What is probably wrong –B cells, helper T cells and/or cytotoxic T cells? B. Should this person be at a higher risk of cancer than the rest of us? C. Should this person be able to lyse bacterial cells as well as the rest of us? D. Should this person tolerate a graft (from an unreated person) better than you are me?arrow_forward
- Which of the following links the Innate immune system to the adaptive? a. Cytokines b. APC cells c. Neutrophils d. Interferonsarrow_forwardwhich events occurs at A, B, and C ? choose the answers above: - cytokines are released to promote blood flow and cell movemnt - macrophages and neutrophils respond - T cell receptors bind to MHC-peptide complexes - secreted antibodies bind to soluble antigens - pamps bind prrs -cytotoxic T cells induce apopotosis of infected cellsarrow_forwardWhat are the roles of the innate immune system? Select all that apply. A. identity self vs. non-self B. provide a physical barrier to infection C. initiate inflammation D. suppress proliferation E. call for help from the adaptive immune system F. circulate fluids through the lymphatic systemarrow_forward
- In the process shown in Diagram 2, what performs the function most similar to that of the activated T cell in Diagram 1?arrow_forwardDuring the adaptive immune response, the role of helper T cells includes _____. Mark all that apply. Group of answer choices a. using CD8 to identify cells that are infected with pathogens b. facilitating clonal selection c. using CD4 to recognize antigen presenting cells d. activating mitosis in B cells e. auto-activation of mitosis (self-activating mitosis to produce more helper T and memory T cells) f.using T cell receptors to bind epitopes on pathogensarrow_forwardThe primary function of the immune system is to protect the host from invasion by foreign organisms. But how does the immune system prevent itself from mounting attacks against its host? In other words, how does the immune system distinguish between self and nonself?arrow_forward
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Immune System and Immune Response Animation; Author: Medical Sciences Animations;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDdbUBXPKc4;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY
Immune response: summary; Author: Dr Bhavsar Biology;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ADANgHkX4OY;License: Standard Youtube License