Biology (MindTap Course List)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781337392938
Author: Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Question
Chapter 45, Problem 15TYU
Summary Introduction
To determine: What does the occurrence of the similar enzymes (Rag1 and Rag 2) in purple sea urchin that was primarily thought to found only in jawed vertebrates suggests about the evolution of adaptive immune system.
Introduction: Immunity is the process of defense performed by an individual’s body in response to a foreign agent that invades the body. Innate immunity is a kind of immunity that is seen in individuals from birth. All animals possess innate immunity that is their first line of defense against any antigen. Adaptive immunity develops after encountering infectious agents.
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Students have asked these similar questions
Certain types of pathogens are unable to infect humans due to ________.
A) a reduction in human T cell populations
B) clonal selection
C) incompatible epitopes
D) species resistance
E) their lack of antigens
F) NONE of these terms accurately completes this sentence
What is the one cell type that does the most to coordinate and control the adaptive immune response?
A) cytotoxic T cells
B) antibodies
C) helper T cells
D) B cells
What are toll-like receptors? How do they work? What do they bind? Give an example of one and what it specifically binds. How did it help in the discovery of the innate immune system and its quick response? Contrast it to the adaptive immune system.
Chapter 45 Solutions
Biology (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 45.1 - Prob. 1LOCh. 45.1 - Compare, in general terms, the immune responses...Ch. 45.1 - Prob. 1CCh. 45.1 - In general, how are vertebrate immune responses...Ch. 45.2 - Describe innate immune responses, including...Ch. 45.2 - Prob. 1CCh. 45.2 - Prob. 2CCh. 45.2 - Prob. 3CCh. 45.2 - VISUALIZE Draw a diagram illustrating the main...Ch. 45.3 - Prob. 4LO
Ch. 45.3 - Prob. 5LOCh. 45.3 - How are cell-mediated immunity and...Ch. 45.3 - Prob. 2CCh. 45.3 - Prob. 3CCh. 45.4 - Describe the sequence of events in cell-mediated...Ch. 45.4 - Prob. 1CCh. 45.5 - Summarize the sequence of events in...Ch. 45.5 - Prob. 8LOCh. 45.5 - Prob. 9LOCh. 45.5 - Prob. 10LOCh. 45.5 - Prob. 1CCh. 45.5 - Prob. 2CCh. 45.5 - Prob. 3CCh. 45.5 - Prob. 4CCh. 45.6 - Prob. 11LOCh. 45.6 - Describe examples of hypersensitivity, including...Ch. 45.6 - Prob. 1CCh. 45.6 - Prob. 2CCh. 45.6 - Prob. 3CCh. 45.6 - Prob. 4CCh. 45.6 - What is the immunological basis for graft...Ch. 45 - Innate immune responses include all but (a)...Ch. 45 - Cytokines (a) are regulatory Toll-like receptors...Ch. 45 - Which of the following is not an action of...Ch. 45 - Prob. 4TYUCh. 45 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 45 - Prob. 6TYUCh. 45 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 45 - Prob. 8TYUCh. 45 - Prob. 9TYUCh. 45 - Which sequence most accurately describes...Ch. 45 - VISUALIZE Label the following diagram and explain...Ch. 45 - Specificity, diversity, and memory are key...Ch. 45 - Prob. 13TYUCh. 45 - PREDICT A playmate in kindergarten exposes John...Ch. 45 - Prob. 15TYUCh. 45 - Prob. 16TYU
Knowledge Booster
Similar questions
- The concept of eco immunology states that biotic and abiotic features influence the evolution and function of immune responses (see attached image). Can you share and example of ecoimmunity in humans? Provide evidence for the example.arrow_forwardWhich of the following should be the same inidentical twins?(A) the set of antibodies produced(B) the set of MHC molecules produced(C) the set of T cell antigen receptors produced(D) the set of immune cells eliminated as self-reactivearrow_forwardReceptors that trigger innate immune responses a. are antibodies recognizing specific antigens. b. are T-cell receptors recognizing specific antigens. c. recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns. d. are not specific at all.arrow_forward
- Traditionally, acquired immunity is considered a characteristic of vertebrate immune systems. Provide an argument that it is probably also found among invertebrates.arrow_forwardWhich of the following links the Innate immune system to the adaptive? a. Cytokines b. APC cells c. Neutrophils d. Interferonsarrow_forwardexplain how the Immune System it evolved in humans in comparison to one lower organismarrow_forward
- What are the roles of the innate immune system? Select all that apply. A. identity self vs. non-self B. provide a physical barrier to infection C. initiate inflammation D. suppress proliferation E. call for help from the adaptive immune system F. circulate fluids through the lymphatic systemarrow_forwardIn vertebrates, complement activation generally involves a pathogen recognition step followed by a proteolytic cascade that produces the effector proteins that function in opsonization, membrane attack, and inflammation. Which of these is likely to be the most evolutionarily primitive aspect of the complement system? Which pathway of complement initiation is likely to be the one that most recently evolved?arrow_forwardWhat is the advantage (in terms of having an effective immune system) of having gene segments that need to be recombined, instead of pre-formed genes for the Heavy and Light chains of immunoglobulins, and the α and β chains of the TCR? What is the cost of having such a system? Please answer asap and type your answer and do not copy from anywhere pleasearrow_forward
- Could the adaptive immune system operate without the innate immune system? Give at least 2 examples to support your answer.arrow_forwardSome individuals are immune-compromised because their bodies do not make enough T-cells. What is the difference between a T-cell and any other cell type in the body? a. T-cells have different genomes than cells of other types b. T-cells have different genes than cells of other types c. T-cells have different proteins than cells of other typesarrow_forwardWhich one of the following best describes the innate nonspecific immune system? Group of answer choices 1. a targeted response to a specific pathogen or molecule that confers immunological memory. 2. the production of antibody molecules against pathogens 3. a set of barrier defenses that adapts to specific pathogens after repeated exposure 4. a generalized set of defenses against a variety of pathogens that lacks immunological memory.arrow_forward
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