Chapter 4.7, Problem 4.76P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Products formed for the reaction have to be predicted.  The given reaction is shown as,

Concept Introduction:

Deactivators are electron withdrawing groups attached to the benzenes that have either positive charge or an atom with high electronegativity. They are meta directors.

• Strong deactivators: They are very strong electron withdrawing groups.
• Moderate deactivators: It contains a pi bond that is attached to a strong electronegative group.
• Weak deactivators: It consists of halogens.

Activators are electron donating groups attached to the benzenes that have either electron density that is able to push into benzene ring or a lone pair of electrons. They are ortho-para directing.

• Strong activators: It contains a lone pair next to the aromatic ring.
• Moderate activators: It has a lone pair next to the aromatic ring that can take part in the resonance outside the ring as well.
• Weak activators: It consists of alkyl groups.

Halogens are deactivators that are ortho-para directing.

Rules to identify the group that dominates the directing effects:

• Ortho-para directors will always dominate meta directors.
• Strong activators will always dominate weak activators

Nitration: In nitration reaction, one nitro group $\left(-N{O}_2\right)$ is introduced to an organic molecule. Mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid is used for nitration.