Biological Science (7th Edition)
7th Edition
ISBN: 9780134678320
Author: Scott Freeman, Kim Quillin, Lizabeth Allison, Michael Black, Greg Podgorski, Emily Taylor, Jeff Carmichael
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 50, Problem 7TYU
Propose an evolutionary hypothesis to explain the observation that some bird populations do not migrate if people supply food for them in feeders.
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Which of the following situations has revealed that mutualistic interactions can evolve from prior parasitic relationships?
A. Yucca plants are pollinated only by moths of the genus Tegeticula; however, some of the moth species 'cheat" by laying eggs on seeds without pollinating the plant.
B. Large-sized lice of the genus Columbicola tended to live on larger species of pigeons. Body size matching had a significant effect on the ability of lice to escape defensive preening by the host bird.
C. The nonvenomous yellow-eyed salamander has the same coloration as the toxic California newt. Related nontoxic salamanders which do not mimic the newts are prone to attacks by predators.
D. Glochidion trees and Epicephala moths are in an obligate mutualism with each other. Significant cospeciation led to an increase in diversity of the two species.
Explain the difference IN PRIMATES between contest competition and scramble competition, referencing how the distribution of different types of foods interacts with group size to affect levels of these kinds of competition in primate groups.
References are the books "Primate Behavioral Ecology" by Karen Strier and "Planet Without Apes" by Craig Stanford
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Chapter 50 Solutions
Biological Science (7th Edition)
Ch. 50 - Prob. 1TYKCh. 50 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 50 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 50 - Propose an evolutionary hypothesis to explain the...Ch. 50 - Prob. 8TYUCh. 50 - 10. J. B. S. Haldane once remarked that he’d be...Ch. 50 - Prob. 11PIATCh. 50 - Researchers followed tagged blue whales to observe...Ch. 50 - Prob. 13PIATCh. 50 - Prob. 14PIAT
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- A niche is loosely defined as an organism's role in its environment, which can include factors like, feeding preference, nesting behaviors, mating behaviors, method of obtaining prey, and local habitats. Considering Gause's law, conduct research on the California Red Legged Frog and the Northern Pacific TreeFrog (use wiki or other google search). Create a chart that compares the two with regard to their niche or their lifestyle that may explain how these two native frogs have evolved to coexist in the same ecosystem. Northern Pacific TreeFrog California Red Legged Frogarrow_forwardAn insecticide is sprayed that kills the grass blackberry bushes.explain how each of the other populations of organisms will be affected If all the trees in the area were cut down,the energy supply of which population would be most directly affected?How would an increase in the oriole population affect the ecosystem? How would an increase in grasshoppers affect the rabbit population? Using evidence from the food web,explain why it is called a food"web"arrow_forwardLook at figure 1 in the passage. Which of the following relationships is BEST shown by the data? The more massive the penguin, the more food is delivered to the offspring. B. The maximum efficiency in food foraging is reached at about 20 % sea ice concentration. The amount of food delivered is about the same at 12% and 15% sea ice concentration. The greater the sea ice concentration, the greater the efficiency in delivering food. V07:16arrow_forward
- Conservation biologists have altered the evolution of salmon populations in captive-breeding programs. Wild female salmon tend to produce fewer large eggs because the large eggs contain more nutrients for the off spring, giving each individual a greater chance to survive. After just a few generations, however, captive-bred females now lay greater numbers of small eggs. Suggest a possible adaptive advantage for many small eggs in the captive-bred environment. What would you predict regarding the reproductive success of captive-bred females released in the wild?arrow_forwardIn the eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus), mothers sometimes take parental favoritism to extreme lengths by killing their sons, but never their daughters (Heinsohn et al. 2011). Sex-specific infanticide occurs more often at nests that can be flooded during the rainy season. Sons spend longer in the nest than daughters. Link this factor to why it might be adaptive for a parent parrot to kill a son in a vulnerable nest occupied by offspring of both sexes. Don't write from any online source..arrow_forwardA population of chipmunks live in an area of plentiful nuts and seeds on the ground. There are also fruit trees above, which provide a better source of nutrition for these chipmunks. Part A: In a scenario where the nuts and seeds become scarce, what adaptation or adaptations might develop in the group over time to help them survive in this same area? Part B: what is the name of the process that has occurred, and how would it likely occur in this population?arrow_forward
- SCENARIO B Biological anthropologists have observed several chimpanzees in western Africa making tools to help them hunt. The chimpanzees were seen modifying branches and sticks into spears. They removed any leaves or small branches to make a smooth shaft. They also chewed on the ends of the branches to give them sharp points. They then thrust the sharpened branches like spears into tree trunks, where small primates called galagos make sleeping nests. Although it remains unclear how successful the chimpanzees are in actually killing galagos, multiple members of the chimpanzee group have been observed producing the spears.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is an example of a question about mechanism (not function)? A. What stimuli triggers a mother bird to feed her nestling? B. How does parental care benefit the mother's inclusive fitness? C. Why do some species have parental care but not others? D. Do mother birds get better at caring for their offspring over time?arrow_forwardPeter and Rosemary Grant of Princeton University have studied the ecology and evolution of finches on the Galapagos Islands since the early 1970s. They have shown that finches with large bills (as measured by bill depth; see Figure) can eat both small seeds and large seeds, but finches with small bills can only eat small seeds. In 1977, a severe drought on the island of Daphne Major reduced seed production by plants. After the birds consumed whatever small seeds they found, only large seeds were still available. The resulting food shortage killed a majority of the medium ground finches (Geospizafortis) on Daphne Major; their population plummeted from 751 in 1976 to just 90 in 1978. The Grants research also documented a change in the distributions of bill depths in the birds from 1976 to 1978, as illustrated in the graphs to the right. In light of what you now know about the relationship between bill size and food size for these birds, interpret the change illustrated in the graph. What type of natural selection does this example illustrate? Source: P. R. Grant. 1986. Ecology and Evolution of Darwins Finches. Princeton University Press.arrow_forward
- define interspecific competition. explain how insects reduce intraspecific competition between adults and offsrpings.arrow_forwardIdentify whether each of the statements is an Observation or a Hypothesis to explain an observation. 1) Golden toads laid their eggs in shallow pools of water between the roots of cloud forest trees. 2) Golden toad tadpoles lived in shallow pools of water on the cloud forest floor before developing into toadlets. 3) Over warm ocean water, clouds form higher in the atmosphere. 4) Golden toads had highly specialized reproductive habitat. 5) Golden toads were found only in the cloud forest of Monteverde, Costa Rica. 6) The fossil record and current trends show that highly specialized species with small populations and narrow ranges are highly susceptible to extinction. 7) Spring 1987 was the driest spring on record for Monteverde. 8) All the golden toad tadpoles might have died during the spring of 1987 because their pools dried up before the young could lead a fully terrestrial life. 9) The drier conditions at Monteverde in 1987 might have been caused by…arrow_forwardGive examples of adaptations of plants and animals that allow them to avoid competition (e.g., plants flowering at different times of the year, birds foraging in different parts of a tree).arrow_forward
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