Life: The Science of Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319010164
Author: David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally D. Hacker
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 52.4, Problem 4R
Summary Introduction
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The selective pressure, which shapes the preference for food available in two different regions with different calorific values.
Introduction:
An animal prefers a particular food in a region based on conditions like the abundance of food, less predation risk, and less foraging time. The energy requirements of animal should be met with less foraging time and also with ability to meet nutrient requirements. This is known as optimum foraging.
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Life: The Science of Biology
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- An unpalatable species demonstrates its threat to potential predators by displaying (a) character displacement (b) limiting resources (c) cryptic coloration (d) aposematic coloration (e) competitive exclusionarrow_forwardWhy does central place foraging cause animals that travel farther to bring back larger amounts of food?arrow_forwardGive examples of evolved defenses against predation andherbivory.arrow_forward
- Interpret the following graphs: In the graphs, the number of days are 18.. 1 day is equal to 60 sec. For the first graph, days are taken on x-axis. The mean foraging times are taken on y-axis. For the 2nd graph, percentage of prey caught during first half of winter(1-6days) were taken on x-axis and percentage of prey caught during 2nd half of winter(7-12days) were taken on y-axis.arrow_forwardBoth hawks and owls feed on small mammals to sustain their respective populations without causing competitive exclusion. How can this work when both species live in the same geographic area?arrow_forwardA sardine shoaling behavior shown below is observed in sardine fishing grounds in the country such as the Zamboanga Peninsula. Shoaling behavior happens when a massive number of sardines arrive to feed in coastal areas associated with high primary production due to upwelling. This massive number of arrivals also means a sardine feast for its predators such as tuna, barracuda, other piscivorous pelagic fish as well as sharks. What do you think is the adaptive value of shoaling behavior? How does "arriving in massive numbers" contribute to better chances of survival against an ensuing feast of predators?arrow_forward
- Because resources are limited, natural selection will favor organisms that acquire the most food and resources while expending the least energy, an idea called the optimal foraging theory. This theory is paired with another that more specifically explains patch movement and foraging behavior, which is named the marginal value theorem. true or falsearrow_forwardDo the following two hypothesis supports their graphs? Explain. Figure 1: The hypothesis for novice vs. experienced foraging is that animals who have been foraging for ages should have a greater chance of survival than beginner foragers since they are more skilled and invest less time looking for food. Figure 2: The hypothesis behind the impact of Prey camouflage is that if animals, especially novice foragers, take too much time searching, they are visible to predators for long durations, providing a better chance to attack.arrow_forwardHow does a defense mechanism (behavioural, cryptic colouration, protective colouration, mimicry) affect predation and competition? a) Provide an example of a defense mechanism that you have not encountered in the course or in the online assignments. Include an image depicting the defence mechanism, describe the defence mechanism and cite your sources. b) Hypothesize how this defence mechanism may have evolved over time due to pressure from predation and/or competition.arrow_forward
- Describe the predation strategy (i.e., actively searching or ambush) of zebrafish under a well-lit environment.arrow_forwardWhat term is used to describe how members of different species strategize how, when, and where they will obtain resources to reduce competition? competitive reduction resource partitioning interspecies competition intraspecies competitionarrow_forwardPredators manage the population size of their prey through two methods: consumptive effects and non consumptive effects. What are the consequences of consumptive impacts on predator population? Use an example. What are consequences of non consumptive impacts on prey populations? Use an example.arrow_forward
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