Gen Combo Ll Biology; Connect W/learnsmart Labs Access Card
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781259853197
Author: Robert Brooker
Publisher: MCGRAW-HILL HIGHER EDUCATION
expand_more
expand_more
format_list_bulleted
Concept explainers
Question
Chapter 53.2, Problem 2EQ
Summary Introduction
To determine: Whether Drosophila Toll protein is a receptor that recognizes PAMPs or not.
Introduction: Scientists worked to discover the way in which the embryos develop into adults. However, they discovered a protein known as Toll protein. These proteins bind to a receptor known as TLRs. It stands for “Toll-like receptors”. Drosophila melanogaster is a type of fly that generally feeds on fruits. Toll protein helps in the development of embryos of Drosophila melanogaster.
Expert Solution & Answer
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionStudents have asked these similar questions
Are any of the following feasibly linked to COVID-19 susceptibility?
. Leucine zipper transcription factor-like protein
2. C-C chemokine receptor type 9
3. FYVE and coiled-coil domain-containing protein 1
4. C-X-C chemokine receptor type 6
5. Chemokine XC receptor 1
The Pathway presented shows you how the pathway is regulated with a Ras-GEF. Explain how adding a Ras-GAP to
the cell would A) specifically affect the molecules of the signaling pathway and B) affect the response of the cell.
You are given a project to characterize the effect of mutation on two newly discovered G protein
coupled-receptors, GPCR-UCI and GPCR-UC2, both of which bind to the same ligand. For the
cell signalling assay, you have the UMR-106 cell line that expresses both GPCR-UC1, CPCR-
UC2, the corresponding G proteins, and adenyl-cyclase. A basal adenylyl cyclase activity, and
thus, a baseline cAMP concentration, is detected in the cell line.
(i) You found that, upon binding to the ligand, the mutation in GPCR-UC1 results in increased
CAMP level but the mutation in GPCR-UC2 results in a low cAMP concentration. Based
on these results, identify the subclass of G protein isoforms that the GPCRs activate.
Explain your answer.
(ii)
If the mutation affects the G protein from GDP release, how would this affect the CAMP
production after ligand binding? Explain your answer.
Chapter 53 Solutions
Gen Combo Ll Biology; Connect W/learnsmart Labs Access Card
Knowledge Booster
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- What is Drosophila Mhc gene ?arrow_forwardHow does the Toll-like receptor 4 signalling pathway work? Taking into consideration the cellular and molecular details and how the signalling pathway works and is used by a cell of the innate or the adaptive immune system to regulate gene expression.arrow_forwarda.What would happen if IKKbeta did not phosphorylate IkappaB? b.Why is it so hard to make cytokine therapies? c.Why would you use the MyD88 independent pathway versus the MyD88 dependent pathway?arrow_forward
- Draw a cell signaling pathway following EGFR activation in host cells with the possible downstream activities. The new covid-19 strain acts on other cells in the body such as the lungs and kidney via ACE2. (we will say that EGFR is a receptor for the new variant).arrow_forward5) Briefly explain why the formation of a tumour can pose a risk to a person's homeostasis. 6) The functioning of the "Ras/MAPK" signal transduction pathway is absolutely essential in order for cells to grow, divide, and migrate. One important protein that is part of this pathway is BRAF. This protein is a kind of enzyme called a "kinase" – an enzyme that transfers a phosphate group onto another protein. In some melanomas, a mutated form of BRAF called BRAF Val600AGlu drives the progression of the cancer. The drug "vemurafenib" slows the progression of the cancer by slowing the production of the mutant BRAF protein. (National Cancer Institute. 2019. Types of Cancer Treatment. Retrieved from: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/ Is this an example of a traditional cancer therapy or a targeted therapy? Briefly explain your reasoning in the space provided, using information provided in the text to support your answer. Type of therapy (traditional or targeted)?: Brief…arrow_forwardGiven that the the trp operon is a negative repressible operon what happens to the trp repressor in the absence of the tryptophan co repressor? What is a way that adaptive immunity can recruit innate immunity? How an operon controls transcription in a prokaryotic cells?arrow_forward
- The MARCH-1 E3-ubiquitin ligase is expressed in B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. The pathway regulated by MARCH-1 is targeted by some pathogens in an immune evasion strategy. In this strategy, the pathogens encode a protein that binds to MARCH-1 and inhibits its function. OOOO a protein that is induced by IL-10 in macrophages and dendritic cells. a protein that induces degradation of MARCH-1. a protein that mimics MARCH-1 and functions similarly.arrow_forwarda line of cultured cells has a highly active Gs linked system that leads to persistent activation of adenyl cyclase. which of the following treatments is most likely to decrease signaling through this pathway. A) overexpression of G-alpha protein , B) overexpression of phosphodieterase, C) overexpression of ras protein, D) treatment with GTP, E) treatment with a protein kinase C agonistarrow_forwardTCR and CD28 signaling together leads to maximal production of IL-2 by the activated T cell. Experiments investigating the mechanism underlying the CD28 co-stimulation-mediated increase in IL-2 production show that T cells stimulated through the TCR plus CD28 have increased levels of IL-2 mRNA compared to cells stimulated through the TCR alone. One important component contributing to increased IL-2 mRNA levels is increased mRNA stability after transcription and splicing. increased glucose metabolism due to increased production of glycolytic enzymes. increased protein synthesis due to increased production of ribosomes. enhanced mRNA transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. 0 0 0 0arrow_forward
- Aberrant signaling through the Ras-BRaf-MAPK signal transduction pathway drives many cancers. This makes the pathway an attractive drug target, and many small molecules have been developed that target either Ras, BRaf or MAPK. In malignant melanoma, one mutation in particular, where valine 600 of Braf is mutated to a glutamic acid (V600E), is found in the majority of cases. This mutation makes BRaf activation independent of upstream Ras activity. Would a small molecule that targets Ras be effective in a melanoma case driven by Braf V600E? Explain your answer.arrow_forwardSuppose you discover a drug that has potential antiviral effect against SARS-CoV2 so you tested its effect on the expression of selected genes that are upregulated during COVID19 infection. IFH1 and ISG15 activates the innate immune response in the presence of viral RNA while IFNy activates both innate and adaptive immune responses. MX1 is a proviral factor that enhances viral replication in the cell. To determine how the drug affect these genes, you performed microarray using treated and untreated cells that were infected with SARS-CoV2. You labelled cDNAs from treated cells with green fluorescence while cDNAs from untreated cells were labelled red. You obtained the following results in the microarray chip for each gene: IF1H1 IFNY ISG15 MX1 Based on the results above, which of the following genes is upregulated by the antiviral drug? a. IF1H1 O b. IFNY C. MX1 d. ISG15arrow_forwardYou isolated two mutant cells (Cell A and Cell B) which have a problem in the signal transduction pathway. Both cells show activated response to one of RTK mediated signaling without ligand, suggesting the signaling pathway has been constitutively activated by mutations. You introduced mutant Ras that blocks Ras activation step in both cells. When the mutant Ras was expressed in cell A, the signaling pathway was no longer activated. On the other hand, when the mutant Ras was expressed in cell B, the signaling pathway was still active. From these results; Q1) Which protein of the signaling pathway in Cell A might have the mutation? How does that mutation affect the function of that protein? Why do you think so? Q2) Which protein of the signaling pathway in Cell B might have the mutation? How does that mutation affect the function of that protein? Why do you think so?arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
- Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)BiologyISBN:9780134580999Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. HoehnPublisher:PEARSONBiology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStaxAnatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781259398629Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa StouterPublisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
- Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)BiologyISBN:9780815344322Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter WalterPublisher:W. W. Norton & CompanyLaboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & PhysiologyBiologyISBN:9781260159363Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, CynthiaPublisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)BiologyISBN:9781260231700Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael WindelspechtPublisher:McGraw Hill Education
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:PEARSON
Biology 2e
Biology
ISBN:9781947172517
Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann Clark
Publisher:OpenStax
Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:9781259398629
Author:McKinley, Michael P., O'loughlin, Valerie Dean, Bidle, Theresa Stouter
Publisher:Mcgraw Hill Education,
Molecular Biology of the Cell (Sixth Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9780815344322
Author:Bruce Alberts, Alexander D. Johnson, Julian Lewis, David Morgan, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter
Publisher:W. W. Norton & Company
Laboratory Manual For Human Anatomy & Physiology
Biology
ISBN:9781260159363
Author:Martin, Terry R., Prentice-craver, Cynthia
Publisher:McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
Inquiry Into Life (16th Edition)
Biology
ISBN:9781260231700
Author:Sylvia S. Mader, Michael Windelspecht
Publisher:McGraw Hill Education
Immune System and Immune Response Animation; Author: Medical Sciences Animations;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDdbUBXPKc4;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY
Immune response: summary; Author: Dr Bhavsar Biology;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ADANgHkX4OY;License: Standard Youtube License