(a)
Interpretation:
The two
Concept introduction:
Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds which donates electrons to electrophilic compounds which results in bond formation.
Nucleophilic nature depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.
Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.
Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.
In addition reaction of alkenes when two substituents are placed on same side of
Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.
First step is the acid donates proton to the alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.
Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction where the water gets added to the carbo cation finally, the removal of one proton from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.
(b)
Interpretation:
The products formed in presence of
Concept introduction:
Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.
In addition reaction of alkenes when two substituents are placed on same side of
Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.
First step is the acid donates proton to the alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.
Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction where the water gets added to the carbo cation finally, the removal of one proton from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.
Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.
Carbocation stability order:
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Chapter 6 Solutions
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (LL)-W/MOD.MASTERING.
- Q4 Which statement below about Sn1 reactions is incorrect? (A) SN1 reactions are stepwise and have intermediates. (B) The slow step in a SN1 reaction is formation of the carbocation intermediate. (C) SN1 reactions have first order kinetics which means only the alkyl halide is involved in the rate limiting step. (D) The products of a SN1 reaction will be a pair of enantiomers. (E) An aprotic solvent is best for Sn1 reactions as they tend to help stabilize carbocation intermediates.arrow_forward1. how to transform cyclohexene to trans-1,2-diol? what reagesn will you use? 2. what is the name of the alkene where the compound below was produced through Ozonolysisarrow_forwardThe SN1 reaction is a two-step reaction, and the first step of this reaction is the formation of a carbocation intermediate. Draw the carbocation intermediates that form from the alkyl chlorides in tubes 8 and 15. 2. Again, use tubes 8 and 15 to answer the following question. In general, the more stable carbocation forms faster. Given this, which carbocation is more stable, or do they have the same stability?arrow_forward
- Which of the following is product of A? How about B? a Cyclopentene oxide b 1,1-epoxycyclopentane c 1,2-hydroxycyclopentane d Cyclopentoxypentane What is the name of reaction 1? a hydration b hydrate formation c acid cleavage d epoxidation What is the name of reaction 2? a ring-opening reaction with Nu b hydration c Williamson ether synthesis d oxidationarrow_forwardWhy does (Z)-2-butene react faster than (E)-2-butene?arrow_forwardPhineas and Ferbs, two brothers who enjoy vacations, doing fun things every summer. This summer the brothers and their friends carry out an organic synthesis with an unknown compound (L1) that contains 52% Carbon, 6% Hydrogen and 42% bromine, this compound (L1) is treated with magnesium in ether to obtain L2 , which reacts violently with D2O for 1-methyl cyclohexene with a deuterium atom in the methyl group (L3). The L2 reaction is treated with acetone followed by hydrolysis to give L4. Heating L4 with concentrated sulfuric acid gives L5, which decolors the bromine, obtaining L6. L5 undergoes hydrogenation with excess hydrogen and platinum as a catalyst giving rise to isobutyl cyclohexane. Determine the structures of compounds L1 through L6.arrow_forward
- Illustrate the Electrophilic Addition of HX to an Alkene ?arrow_forwardThe 1,2‑dibromide is synthesized from an alkene starting material. Draw the alkene starting material. Clearly, show stereochemistry of the alkene.arrow_forwardA haloalkane reacts with a strong base to yield only one alkene product. Select the possible structures that can give this result from Figure 9. * A B C Darrow_forward
- Rearrangements can occur during the dehydration of 1° alcohols even though no 1° carbocation is formed—that is, a 1,2-shift occurs as the C— OH2+ bond is broken, forming a more stable 2° or 3° carbocation, as shown in Equation [1]. Using this information, draw a stepwise mechanism for the reaction shown in Equation [2]. We will see another example of this type of rearrangement in Section 16.5C.arrow_forwardOnce treated with HBr, which alkene is the most likely to undergo a carbocation rearrangement after the electrophilic addition step?arrow_forwarda. How many s bond orbitals are available for overlap with the vacant p orbital in 1. the isobutyl cation? 2. the n-butyl cation? 3. the sec-butyl cation? b. Which of the carbocations in part a is most stable?arrow_forward
- Organic Chemistry: A Guided InquiryChemistryISBN:9780618974122Author:Andrei StraumanisPublisher:Cengage Learning