EBK CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS
2nd Edition
ISBN: 8220101459299
Author: Reece
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 6.1, Problem 1CC
MAKE CONNECTIONS How does the second law of
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MAKE CONNECTIONS Explain why the set of forces driving ionmovement across the plasma membrane of a cell is described as anelectrochemical (electrical and chemical) gradient (see Concept 7.4).
WHAT IF? Some membrane proteins diffuse faster in the plasma membrane when the cytoskeleton or the extracellular matrix is artificially removed than when cells are unperturbed. Explain why.
Cytosol
Mitochondrion
A. PATHWAY 1.
major
pathway of
ethanol
metabolism
NAD* NADH + H*
NAD* NADH + H*
in the liver CH,-CH,-OH ADH + CH,-C=O
CH;-C-OH + H-O-H
ALDH
ETHANOL
ACETALDEHYDE
АСЕТАТЕ
WATER
B. PATHWAY 2
microsomal
ethanol
CYP2E1
oxidizing
system
(MEOS)
NADPH + H* + O2
NADP* + 2H,O
Excess alcohol consumption increases the NADH:NAD* ratio in the cytosol of hepatocytes.
Chapter 6 Solutions
EBK CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS
Ch. 6.1 - MAKE CONNECTIONS How does the second law of...Ch. 6.1 - Describe the forms of energy found in an apple as...Ch. 6.2 - Cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen,...Ch. 6.2 - Prob. 2CCCh. 6.2 - Prob. 3CCCh. 6.3 - How does ATP typically transfer energy from...Ch. 6.3 - Prob. 2CCCh. 6.3 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Does Figure 6.10a show passive or...Ch. 6.4 - Many spontaneous reactions occur very slowly. Why...Ch. 6.4 - Why do enzymes act only on very specific...
Ch. 6.4 - WHAT IF? Malonate is an inhibitor of the enzyme...Ch. 6.5 - How do an activator and an inhibitor have...Ch. 6 - Choose the pair of terms that correctly completes...Ch. 6 - Prob. 2TYUCh. 6 - Which of the following metabolic processes can...Ch. 6 - If an enzyme in solution is saturated with...Ch. 6 - Some bacteria are metabolically active in hot...Ch. 6 - If an enzyme is added to a solution where its...Ch. 6 - DRAW IT Using a series of arrows, draw the...Ch. 6 - SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY DRAW IT A researcher has...Ch. 6 - SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY Organophosphates...Ch. 6 - FOCUS ON EVOLUTION A recent revival of the...Ch. 6 - FOCUS ON ENERGY AND MATTER Life requires energy....Ch. 6 - SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE Explain what is...
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- Molecular Transport Across Membranes Workshop How does the cell membrane control movement of materials? The cellular membrane is critical to the maintenance of homeostasis in living organisms. The cell membrane separates the cell from the external environment and plays a critical role in regulating movement of material in and out of the cell. Additionally, eukaryotic cells are made complex by the presence of internal membranes that form organelles, so the cells may become specialized. These organelle membranes create compartments within the cell that can do specific functions. For this exercise, you will work in groups of four to progress through the activities. At the end of each activity, one group (chosen at random) will share how they responded and open the floor for further discussion. Model 1 - Types of Ions and Molecules in a Cell Type 4 Molecules Molecular oxygen (O,): Туре 1 Ions Type 2 Molecules Туре 3 Molecules Glucose: Water: Potassium: K* OH 0=0 D Sodium: Na+ + O- Urea:…arrow_forwardQ3 Calculate the actual, physiological AG for the reaction Phosphocreatine Creatine NH--PO3 HN=c NCH,-CO0 NH2 NH=c. HNCH2- COO ČH3 Creatine ADP phosphokinase АТР At 37 °C, as it occurs in the cytosol of neurons, with phosphocreatine at 4.7 mM, creatine at 1.0 mM, ADP at 0.73 mM and ATP at 2.6 mM. HINT: AG° = 30.5 kJ/mol AG° = -43.0 kJ/mol ADP + Pi -> ATP + H,0 Phosphocreatine + H2O -> creatine + Piarrow_forwardModel 4 - Transport Proteins: Facilitated Diffusion Extracellular Fluid mu Cytoplasmic Fluid Extracellular Fluid wwwwwwy hmmmml Cytoplasmic Fluid www.wmy wwwwwy hummu hmm wwwwwwy immmml wwwwwwwwY immu hmmmml wwwwy hmmmm O wwwwwwy wwwwwwwy imm hmmmmm Y www Y www 10. What appears to be the effect of inserting a protein channel into the membrane on the movement of molecules across the membrane? 11. Is the inner surface (facing the channel) of the embedded protein likely to be polar or nonpolar in the examples shown in Model 4? Is the exterior surface (facing the fatty acid chains of the phospholipids) of the embedded protein likely to be polar or nonpolar? Explain your reasoning. When a membrane protein assists in the passive transport of molecules across a barrier in the direction down their concentration gradient (from high concentration to low concentration) it is called facilitated diffusion. Transport proteins may also be involved in active transport where the cell uses energy from…arrow_forward
- Q3. Péclet number - We've seen the Péclet number Pé : vl as a useful metric to determine if stirring (Pé > 1) is more efficient than diffusion (Pé < 1) for mixing solutions. "Stirring" here can designate any process which applies a force on the molecules, resulting in a velocity v. a) Show that the Péclet number, like the Reynolds number, is unitless. Let's think about why scale (l) matters for mixing. A-DNA, a DNA polymer containing 48,502 base pairs, has a diffusion coefficient of D = field of 1 V/m, we can expect 1-DNA to reach a terminal velocity of 30 nm/s. 6.4 x 10-13m²s-1. Under an electric b) Find the Péclet number for a system of dimension of l = 10 cm. This corresponds to the scale of most benchtop instruments used to manipulate or separate biomolecules.arrow_forwardMAKE CONNECTIONS Is the flow of ions through a ligand-gated channelan example of active or passive transport? (Review Concepts 7.3 and 7.4.)arrow_forwardIn the Nernst equation [V = 62 log10 (Co/ Ci)], the term Ci represents: the extracellular concentration of potassium the extracellular concentration of sodium the membrane potential (in millivolts) the intracellular concentration of calcium the intracellular concentration of potassium Which of the following ions must be kept to very low concentrations within the cell cytoplasm in order to allow for enough substrate molecules to synthesize nucleotides and nucleic acids? HCO3- (bicarbonate) Ca2+ (calcium) PO43- (phosphate) Na+ (sodium) K+ (potassium)arrow_forward
- . MAKE CONNECTIONS How are the Casparian strip andtight junctions similar (see Figure 6.30)?arrow_forwardCalculate the free energy required to move 1 mol of K* ions from inside the cell (where concentration of K+= 0.063 M) to the outside the cell (where concentration K+= 0.17 M). The membrane potential is -0.05 V and the temperature is 303.06 K. K+ (inside cell) → K* (outside cell)arrow_forwardFor the following scenarios, determine whether the molecules in the scenario are moving by simple diffusion (S), osmosis (0), facilitated diffusion (F), or active transport (A). a)For water to travel across the cell membrane at a substantial rate, the water molecules travel through protein channels known as aquaporins b)While water molecules are polar, they are also very small. Some water molecules are able to squeeze directly through the phospholipid bilayer due to their small size. C)Charged ions such as Na* travel through a cell membrane against their concentration gradient d)Cells lining the gut need to take in glucose, but at certain times, the concentration of extraceliular glucose is lower than the concentration already stored in the cells. e)At a certain time, glucose is in a high concentration outside of a cell and needs to travel through the membrane into the cell but does so using a glucose transporter protein.arrow_forward
- aluate and Synthesize CONNECT Explain why the proton gradient formed dur chemiosmosis represents a state of low entropy. (You may wish to refer to the discussion of entropy in Chapter 7) the ondarrow_forwardIn the situations described below, what is the free energy change if 1 mole of Na* is transported across a membrane from a region where the concentra- tion is 1 µM to a region where it is 100 mM? (Assume T = 37 °C.) (a) In the absence of a membrane potential. (b) When the transport is opposed by a membrane potential of 70 mV. (c) In cach case, will hydrolysis of 1 mole of ATP suffice to drive the trans- port of 1 mole of ion, assuming pH 7.4 and the following cytoplamic concentrations: ATP= 4.60 mM, P = 5.10 mM, ADP = 310 µM?arrow_forwardMAKE CONNECTIONS Aquaporins exclude passage ofhydronium ions (H3O+), but some aquaporins allow passage of glycerol, a three-carbon alcohol (see Figure 5.9),as well as H2O. Since H3O+is closer in size to water thanglycerol is, yet cannot pass through, what might be thebasis of this selectivity?arrow_forward
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