CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS-MOD.MASTERING
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780135191811
Author: Urry
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 7, Problem 11TYU
FOCUS ON EVOLUTION
ATP synthases are found in the prokaryotic plasma membrane and in mitochondria and chloroplasts.
- a. Propose a hypothesis to account for an evolutionary relationship of these eukaryotic organelles and prokaryotes.
- b. Explain how the amino acid sequences of the ATP synthases from the different sources might either support or fail to support your hypothesis.
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. Select the principle related to the pumping of protons from mitochondrion matrix into mitochondrion intermembrane space during cellular respiration. *
A. Oxidation of protein complexes release energy and this energy is used to pump protons.
B. The process is simultaneously with osmosis of water through mitochondrion membrane.
C. Reduction of integral protein complexes causing pumping of protons.
D. NADH and FADH2 use exergonic reaction and release energy which helps pumping of protons.
. Aerobic respiration, used by the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells, is best represented by which of the following balanced equations?
6CO2 + 12H2S g C6H12O6 + 6S2 + 6H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O g 6CO2 + 12H2O
C12H22O11 + H2O g C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
6CO2 + 12H2O g C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 g C12H22O11 + H2O
Cellular respiration is the primary process by which cells generate ATP.a. What is the balanced chemical reaction for cellular respiration? b. Describe how each of the reactants are utilized in this reaction, what product they are used to produce, and the steps in which they are used to form the products c. Why is the energy yield in this reaction different for eukaryotes and prokaryotes? Be specific. d. If a cell is deprived of oxygen, how does it modify the process of cellular respiration? Give the specific term for this alternate reaction.
Chapter 7 Solutions
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS-MOD.MASTERING
Ch. 7.1 - Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic...Ch. 7.1 - Name and describe the two ways in which ATP is...Ch. 7.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 7.2 - During step 6 in Figure 7.9, which molecule acts...Ch. 7.3 - Name the molecules that conserve most of the...Ch. 7.3 - Prob. 2CCCh. 7.4 - Prob. 1CCCh. 7.4 - Prob. 2CCCh. 7.4 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Membranes must be fluid to...Ch. 7.5 - Prob. 1CC
Ch. 7.5 - WHAT IF? A glucose-fed yeast cell is moved from an...Ch. 7.6 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Compare the structure of a fat...Ch. 7.6 - Prob. 2CCCh. 7.6 - WHAT IF? During intense exercise, can a muscle...Ch. 7 - The immediate energy source that drives ATP...Ch. 7 - Which metabolic pathway is common to both...Ch. 7 - In mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions A. are...Ch. 7 - The final electron acceptor of the electron...Ch. 7 - What is the oxidizing agent in the following...Ch. 7 - When electrons flow along the electron transport...Ch. 7 - Most co, from catabolism is released during A....Ch. 7 - DRAW IT The graph here shows the pH difference...Ch. 7 - INTERPRET THE DATA Phosphofructokinase is an...Ch. 7 - Prob. 10TYUCh. 7 - FOCUS ON EVOLUTION ATP synthases are found in the...Ch. 7 - Prob. 12TYUCh. 7 - Prob. 13TYU
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- - The write a conclusion and if the hypothesis was (rejected, modified, or supported) Questions: 1. If you graph indicated where the maximum rate at which amylase can convert starch to glucose and maltose is located, draw or describe where it is on your graph. Explain how you know this information is depicted on your graph. 2. If your graph does not show the maximum rate at which amylase can convert starch to glucose maltose, explain how you know this information is not depicted on you grapharrow_forwarda. Cellular respiration is an energy releasing enzymatically controlled catabolic process which evolves a stepwise oxidative breakdown of organic substances inside living cells. Describe the steps involved in cellular respiration when oxygen is and is not available. In your answer, state the inputs and outputs of yeast cell respiration with and without oxygen. In the yeast respiration experiment, we saw that yeast were able to use sucrose (table sugar) for respiration, but not sucralose (the active ingredient in Splenda). b. b. Explain what these results indicate about how the specific structure of an enzyme affects its function. In your answer, make sure to include the term “active site.” c. c. Explain how you think the results may have differed if the fermentation tubes had been placed in a refrigerator (~4 degrees Celsius) over the duration of the experiment, instead of an incubator set to 40 degrees Celsius, and why. In the photosynthesis experiment with spinach,…arrow_forwardNow imagine that you are pretty wimpy ancestral eukaryotic cell, incapable of either cellular respiration or photosynthesis. Writing in the first person (from the "" perspective), please describe the evolutionary process by which you and your offspring ultimately evolved into the first amazing plant cell, which was capable of BOTH cellular respiration and photosynthesis. In your response, be sure to demonstrate your understanding of the following: the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, the major cellular organelles, natural selection, the basic structure and function of mitochondria and chloroplasts, as well as the types of macromolecules that make up these organelles.arrow_forward
- c) The pH values of the different compartments are shown below: Matrix Intermembrane space Cytosol pH 7.8 – 8.0 pH ~ 7.0pH 7.0 – 7.4 How can you explain these values in terms of what is known about mitochondrial function?arrow_forwardATP Synthase contains with in it one of the most conserved residues in a protein we know. Asp 61. This is the amino acid that carries the proton. a. Why would this residue be so highly conserved? What would happen if a mutation occurred that would change Asp to Ala? b. At the end of one spin of ATP synthase when the proton is in a position to leave to the intermembrane space the Asp comes into close contact with another very highly conserved residue Arg 210. Explain how this Arg residue could help the proton attached to Asp to leave. Hint think pKa Answer both parts with good explanationarrow_forwardWhich of the following DOES NOT describe Cellular Respiration? * a. It provides cells with the energy they need to function. b. Cellular respiration is essential to both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells because this biochemical energy is produced to fuel many metabolic processes, such as biosynthesis, locomotion, and transportation of molecules across membranes c. Without the process of cellular respiration, there is no gaseous exchange and the cells, tissue and other organs die due to the lack of oxygen and by the accumulation of carbon dioxide within the cells and tissues. d. Cellular respiration is a type of passive cell transport. Molecules move from areas O of high concentration to areas of low concentration in order to decrease the concentration gradientarrow_forward
- 12. Use Figure 4 for questions a-c below. 114 ATP synthase matrix intermembrane space Figure 4: Sketch of a mitochondrion https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Schema mitochondrion basic.svg Bionet, CC BY-SA 4.0 , via Wikimedia Commons a. Add to the sketch to show a H* concentration gradient in an active mitochondrion. (Sketch more H* in the appropriate space. Sketch less H* in the appropriate space.) 4+ b. Sketch an arrow to represent the direction that protons flow (via diffusion) through ATP synthase. c. If the concentration of protons was equal on each side of the membrane, how would that affect the flow of protons through ATP synthase? How would that affect ATP production from glucose?arrow_forward1.3. Aerobic Cellular Respiration: a.Write the chemical formula for the aerobic cellular respiration of glucose. b. List the major steps of aerobic cellular respiration and describe the major events of each step.c. Explain the role of an electron carrier in cellular respiration.d. Predict what would happen to the process of cellular respiration if oxygen was not present. In your answer, specifically state the role that oxygen plays in cellular respiration.arrow_forwardThe complete catabolism of one molecule of C6H12O6 into carbon dioxide and water produces a larger amount of ATP in aerobic prokaryotes than it does in aerobic eukaryotes because aerobic prokaryotes: A. always produce ethanol rather than lactic acid as a byproduct B. generate more molecules of NADH during aerobic respiration C. have no transport costs to get NADH into mitochondria D. generate more molecules of FADH2 during aerobic respiration E. are able to use pyruvate as a substrate for fermentationarrow_forward
- Which of the following statements about cellular respiration is TRUE in eukaryotes? A. For every molecule of NADH oxidized in the electron transport chain, 1 molecule of ATP is produced. B. ATP synthase harnesses the flow of protons (hydrogen ions = H+) from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space to produce ATP. C. ATP synthase transduces the flow of protons (hydrogen ions = H+) from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix into kinetic (mechanical) energy D. H2O is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, being oxidized to O2 and H+. E. All of the above are truearrow_forward1. How do photosynthesis and cellular respiration interact on a global scale? Think of the flow of matter and energy through the biosphere. 2. Protein structure determines the function of enzymes. The structure of a protein is determined by the exact genetic sequence of the gene that codes for that protein. If the genetic sequence gets mutated, how will that affect the protein function? Explain.arrow_forwardFor each of the statements below, indicate whether they are true or false and then in detail explain why the false statements are incorrect, making reference to the relevant cell processes and/or molecules. A. In cellular respiration the ETC transfers electrons via redox reactions whereas in photosynthesis the ETC transfers electrons using light. B. In cellular respiration the ETC creates a proton gradient with the higher concentration on the outer side of the inner membrane whereas in photosynthesis the ETC creates a proton gradient with the higher concentration on the inner side of the thylakoid membrane. C. In cellular respiration the ETC gradient is used to power ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation whereas in photosynthesis the ETC gradient is used to power ATP production by substrate level phosphorylation.arrow_forward
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