Chapter 7, Problem 7.10PP

(a)

Summary Introduction

To explain: The type of forces in ${\text{CH}}_{\text{3}}{\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CH}}_{\text{2}}\text{OH}$(butanol)

Introduction:

The attractive forces include forces like London forces, dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding, ion-dipole or ionic interactions which are present between various molecules in water. London forces forms a temporary cloud of electrons over the non-polar hydrophobic molecule, dipole-dipole interactions are formed due to electronegativity differences between molecules, hydrogen bonding is formed between a small electronegative atom and hydrogen atom, ion-dipole interactions are formed between a charged ion and polar groups with charges, and ionic interactions are formed between cations containing positive charge and anions containing negative charge due to the formation of electrostatic interactions.

(b)

Summary Introduction

To explain:

The type of strong interactions in $\text{KCl}$.

Introduction:

The attractive forces include forces like London forces, dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding, ion-dipole or ionic interactions which are present between various molecules in water. London forces forms a temporary cloud of electrons over the non-polar hydrophobic molecule, dipole-dipole interactions are formed due to electronegativity differences between molecules, hydrogen bonding is formed between a small electronegative atom and hydrogen atom, ion-dipole interactions are formed between a charged ion and polar groups with charges, and ionic interactions are formed between cations containing positive charge and anions containing negative charge due to the formation of electrostatic interactions.

(c)

Summary Introduction

To explain:

The type of interactions in methylene dichloride.

Introduction:

The attractive forces include forces like London forces, dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding, ion-dipole or ionic interactions which are present between various molecules in water. London forces forms a temporary cloud of electrons over the non-polar hydrophobic molecule, dipole-dipole interactions are formed due to electronegativity differences between molecules, hydrogen bonding is formed between a small electronegative atom and hydrogen atom, ion-dipole interactions are formed between a charged ion and polar groups with charges, and ionic interactions are formed between cations containing positive charge and anions containing negative charge due to the formation of electrostatic interactions.

(d)

Summary Introduction

To explain:

The type of interactions in formaldehyde molecule.

Introduction:

The attractive forces include forces like London forces, dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding, ion-dipole or ionic interactions which are present between various molecules in water. London forces forms a temporary cloud of electrons over the non-polar hydrophobic molecule, dipole-dipole interactions are formed due to electronegativity differences between molecules, hydrogen bonding is formed between a small electronegative atom and hydrogen atom, ion-dipole interactions are formed between a charged ion and polar groups with charges, and ionic interactions are formed between cations containing positive charge and anions containing negative charge due to the formation of electrostatic interactions.