Chapter 7, Problem 77PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major products for the given reaction have to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

• $S_{N}2$Reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on both of the molecules involved. The bond making and the bond breaking process happens simultaneously in this reaction.
• $S_{N}1$Reaction: it is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on one reactant. First step is the formation of more stable carbocation which is followed by the attack of nucleophile. Formation of more stable carbocation and the leaving group present in the substrate plays very important role in the reactivity of   reaction.
• Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

  General concepts regarding substitution and elimination:

• Reaction mechanism path is depending on both natures of substrate and reagent.
• If the reagent is strong base as well as strong nucleophile and the substrate is primary alkyl halide then the reaction follows ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ mechanism if the substrate is secondary alkyl halide then the reaction follows E2 mechanism. For ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ mechanism reagent should be strong nucleophile.
• If the substrate is tertiary alkyl halide, then the reaction follows ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ mechanism rather than ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ mechanism. (when the reagent is strong nucleophile).
• If the reagent is strong bulky base, then the reaction follows E2 mechanism. For E2 reaction, reagent should be strong base.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major products for the given reaction have to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

• $S_{N}2$Reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on both of the molecules involved. The bond making and the bond breaking process happens simultaneously in this reaction.
• $S_{N}1$Reaction: it is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on one reactant. First step is the formation of more stable carbocation which is followed by the attack of nucleophile. Formation of more stable carbocation and the leaving group present in the substrate plays very important role in the reactivity of   reaction.
• Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

  General concepts regarding substitution and elimination:

• Reaction mechanism path is depending on both natures of substrate and reagent.
• If the reagent is strong base as well as strong nucleophile and the substrate is primary alkyl halide then the reaction follows ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ mechanism if the substrate is secondary alkyl halide then the reaction follows E2 mechanism. For ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ mechanism reagent should be strong nucleophile.
• If the substrate is tertiary alkyl halide, then the reaction follows ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ mechanism rather than ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ mechanism. (when the reagent is strong nucleophile)
• If the reagent is strong bulky base, then the reaction follows E2 mechanism. For E2 reaction, reagent should be strong base.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major products for the given reaction have to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

• $S_{N}2$Reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on both of the molecules involved. The bond making and the bond breaking process happens simultaneously in this reaction.
• $S_{N}1$Reaction: it is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on one reactant. First step is the formation of more stable carbocation which is followed by the attack of nucleophile. Formation of more stable carbocation and the leaving group present in the substrate plays very important role in the reactivity of   reaction.
• Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

  General concepts regarding substitution and elimination:

• Reaction mechanism path is depending on both natures of substrate and reagent.
• If the reagent is strong base as well as strong nucleophile and the substrate is primary alkyl halide then the reaction follows ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ mechanism if the substrate is secondary alkyl halide then the reaction follows E2 mechanism. For ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ mechanism reagent should be strong nucleophile.
• If the substrate is tertiary alkyl halide, then the reaction follows ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ mechanism rather than ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ mechanism. (when the reagent is strong nucleophile)
• If the reagent is strong bulky base, then the reaction follows E2 mechanism. For E2 reaction, reagent should be strong base.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major products for the given reaction have to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

• $S_{N}2$Reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on both of the molecules involved. The bond making and the bond breaking process happens simultaneously in this reaction.
• $S_{N}1$Reaction: it is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on one reactant. First step is the formation of more stable carbocation which is followed by the attack of nucleophile. Formation of more stable carbocation and the leaving group present in the substrate plays very important role in the reactivity of   reaction.
• Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

  General concepts regarding substitution and elimination:

• Reaction mechanism path is depending on both natures of substrate and reagent.
• If the reagent is strong base as well as strong nucleophile and the substrate is primary alkyl halide then the reaction follows ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ mechanism if the substrate is secondary alkyl halide then the reaction follows E2 mechanism. For ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ mechanism reagent should be strong nucleophile.
• If the substrate is tertiary alkyl halide, then the reaction follows ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ mechanism rather than ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ mechanism. (when the reagent is strong nucleophile).
• If the reagent is strong bulky base, then the reaction follows E2 mechanism. For E2 reaction, reagent should be strong base.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major products for the given reaction have to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

• $S_{N}2$Reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on both of the molecules involved. The bond making and the bond breaking process happens simultaneously in this reaction.
• $S_{N}1$Reaction: it is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on one reactant. First step is the formation of more stable carbocation which is followed by the attack of nucleophile. Formation of more stable carbocation and the leaving group present in the substrate plays very important role in the reactivity of   reaction.
• Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

  General concepts regarding substitution and elimination:

• Reaction mechanism path is depending on both natures of substrate and reagent.
• If the reagent is strong base as well as strong nucleophile and the substrate is primary alkyl halide then the reaction follows ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ mechanism if the substrate is secondary alkyl halide then the reaction follows E2 mechanism. For ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ mechanism reagent should be strong nucleophile.
• If the substrate is tertiary alkyl halide, then the reaction follows ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ mechanism rather than ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ mechanism. (when the reagent is strong nucleophile).
• If the reagent is strong bulky base, then the reaction follows E2 mechanism. For E2 reaction, reagent should be strong base.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major products for the given reaction have to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

• $S_{N}2$Reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on both of the molecules involved. The bond making and the bond breaking process happens simultaneously in this reaction.
• $S_{N}1$Reaction: it is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on one reactant. First step is the formation of more stable carbocation which is followed by the attack of nucleophile. Formation of more stable carbocation and the leaving group present in the substrate plays very important role in the reactivity of   reaction.
• Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

  General concepts regarding substitution and elimination:

• Reaction mechanism path is depending on both natures of substrate and reagent.
• If the reagent is strong base as well as strong nucleophile and the substrate is primary alkyl halide then the reaction follows ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ mechanism if the substrate is secondary alkyl halide then the reaction follows E2 mechanism. For ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ mechanism reagent should be strong nucleophile.
• If the substrate is tertiary alkyl halide, then the reaction follows ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ mechanism rather than ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ mechanism. (when the reagent is strong nucleophile)
• If the reagent is strong bulky base, then the reaction follows E2 mechanism. For E2 reaction, reagent should be strong base.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The major products for the given reaction have to be predicted.

Concept Introduction:

• $S_{N}2$Reaction: It is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on both of the molecules involved. The bond making and the bond breaking process happens simultaneously in this reaction.
• $S_{N}1$Reaction: it is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the rate determining step depends on one reactant. First step is the formation of more stable carbocation which is followed by the attack of nucleophile. Formation of more stable carbocation and the leaving group present in the substrate plays very important role in the reactivity of   reaction.
• Elimination Reaction: It is just reverse reaction of addition where substituent from the given molecule is removed via E1 (the reaction depends only on the substrate involved in the reaction) or E2 (the reaction depends on both of the substituents in the reaction) mechanism.

  General concepts regarding substitution and elimination:

• Reaction mechanism path is depending on both natures of substrate and reagent.
• If the reagent is strong base as well as strong nucleophile and the substrate is primary alkyl halide then the reaction follows ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ mechanism if the substrate is secondary alkyl halide then the reaction follows E2 mechanism. For ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ mechanism reagent should be strong nucleophile.
• If the substrate is tertiary alkyl halide, then the reaction follows ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{1}$ mechanism rather than ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}2$ mechanism. (when the reagent is strong nucleophile).
• If the reagent is strong bulky base, then the reaction follows E2 mechanism. For E2 reaction, reagent should be strong base.