1.
Prepare an operating income statement of Company L for both years under absorption costing method.
1.
Explanation of Solution
Absorption Costing: “Absorption costing is a method that allocates “direct labor, direct materials, fixed manufacturing overhead and variable manufacturing overhead” to products and it is required by GAAP for the purpose of external reporting”.
Prepare an operating income statement of Company L for both years under absorption costing method as follows:
Operating income statement under absorption costing method | ||
Particulars | Year 1 | Year 2 |
Sales revenue (1) (C) | $ 125,000 | $ 125,000 |
Less: Cost of goods sold: | ||
Beginning finished-goods inventory (3) | $ 0 | $10,500 |
Cost of goods manufactured (2) | 63,000 | 56,000 |
Cost of goods available for sale | $63,000 | $66,500 |
Ending finished-goods inventory (3) | 10,500 | $ 0 |
Cost of goods sold (D) | $52,500 | $66,500 |
Gross margin | $72,500 | $58,500 |
Less: Selling and administrative expenses | $ 45,000 | $ 45,000 |
Operating income | $27,500 | $13,500 |
Table (1)
Working note (1):
Calculate the value of sales revenue for both years.
Particulars | Production units (A) | Year 1 |
Year 2 |
Sales revenue | 2,500 units | $15.00 | $1,875,000 |
Table (2)
Working note (2):
Calculate the cost of goods manufactured for both years.
Year 1:
Year 2:
Working note (3):
Calculate the cost of ending inventory for year 1:
Note: The ending inventory for year 1 is considered as the beginning inventory for year 2.
2.
Prepare an operating income statement of Company L for both years under variable costing method.
2.
Explanation of Solution
Variable Costing: Managers frequently use variable costing for internal purposes for taking decision making. The cost of goods manufactured includes direct materials, direct labor, and variable factory overhead. Fixed factory overhead treated as period (fixed) expense.
Prepare an operating income statement of Company L for both years under variable costing method as follows:
Particulars | Year 1 | Year 2 |
Sales revenue (E) (1) | $ 125,000 | $ 125,000 |
Less: Cost of goods sold: | ||
Beginning finished-goods inventory | $ 0 | $3,500 |
Cost of goods manufactured | 21,000 | 14,000 |
Cost of goods available for sale | $21,000 | $17,500 |
Ending finished-goods inventory (4) | $3,500 | $0 |
Cost of goods sold | $17,500 | $17,500 |
Add: Variable selling and administrative costs | $25,000 | $25,000 |
Total variable costs (F) | $42,500 | $42,500 |
Contribution margin | $82,500 | $82,500 |
Less: Fixed costs: | ||
Manufacturing | $42,000 | $42,000 |
Selling and administrative | $20,000 | $20,000 |
Total fixed costs | $62,000 | $62,000 |
Operating income | $20,500 | $20,500 |
Table (3)
Working note (4):
Calculate the cost of ending inventory for year 1:
Note: The ending inventory for year 1 is considered as the beginning inventory for year 2.
3.
Reconcile the operating income reported under variable and absorption costing for year 1 and year 2.
3.
Explanation of Solution
Reconcile the operating income reported under variable and absorption costing for year 1 and year 2as follows:
Year 1:
In this case, the operating income of Company L is higher under absorption costing, because the production units (3,000 units) are more than the sales units (2,500 units), and under absorption costing the fixed overhead is inventoried until when the manufactured goods are sold. Hence, the fixed overheads for 5,000
Working note (5):
Calculate the predetermined fixed overhead rate.
Year 2:
In this case, the operating income of Company L is higher under variable costing, because the fixed overhead under variable costing is calculated only for current year production units (2,000 units), and the changes in the production and sales units is not consider. But in the absorption costing, the fixed overhead incurred in the prior year (500 units of inventory) increases the current year fixed overhead and the fixed overhead under absorption costing is comparatively higher than the variable costing. Hence, when the production units are less than the sales units, then the operating income ($20,500) under variable costing should be higher than the absorption costing ($13,500).
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Chapter 8 Solutions
Loose-Leaf for Managerial Accounting: Creating Value in a Dynamic Business Environment
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