BIOLOGY (LL)
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781264115495
Author: BROOKER
Publisher: MCG
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Chapter 9, Problem 10TY
Summary Introduction
Introduction: Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death. It involves the activation of two cell signaling pathways known as extrinsic pathway and intrinsic pathway that leads to the cell death.
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Predict the effects of the following mutations on the ability of a cell to undergo apoptosis:a. Mutation in Bad such that it cannot be phosphorylated by protein kinase B (PKB)b. Overexpression of Bcl-2c. Mutation in Bax such that it cannot form homodimersOne common characteristic of cancer cells is a loss of function in the apoptotic pathway. Which of the mutations listed above might you expect to find in some cancer cells?
Two mechanisms inducing Apoptosis, Extrinsic pathway and Intrinsic pathway, have difference and
similarity.
a What is the key protein that both pathway uses?
b How can intrinsic pathway be initiated and what molecule is critical for that?
Identify which of the following statements is a lie?
Select one:
a. A signalling pathway called MAPK/ERK pathway regulates protein translation.
b. 2. Two enzymes are phosphorylated by protein kinase A.
c. Under normal conditions, cells can divide even without signals from other cells.
Chapter 9 Solutions
BIOLOGY (LL)
Ch. 9.1 - Figure 9.1 Response of a yeast cell to glucose....Ch. 9.1 - Prob. 1CSCh. 9.1 - Which type of signal, paracrine or endocrine, is...Ch. 9.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 9.2 - Prob. 1CSCh. 9.2 - Prob. 2CSCh. 9.2 - Prob. 1CCCh. 9.3 - Prob. 1CSCh. 9.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 9.3 - Prob. 2CC
Ch. 9.3 - In the case of signaling pathways involving...Ch. 9.5 - Prob. 1EQCh. 9.5 - Prob. 2EQCh. 9.5 - Prob. 3EQCh. 9.5 - Prob. 1CCCh. 9 - Prob. 1TYCh. 9 - Prob. 2TYCh. 9 - Prob. 3TYCh. 9 - Prob. 4TYCh. 9 - Prob. 5TYCh. 9 - The relay protein Ras is part of the EGF pathway...Ch. 9 - Prob. 7TYCh. 9 - Prob. 8TYCh. 9 - Prob. 9TYCh. 9 - Prob. 10TYCh. 9 - Prob. 1CQCh. 9 - Conceptual Questions What are the three stages of...Ch. 9 - Prob. 3CQCh. 9 - Prob. 1COQCh. 9 - Prob. 2COQ
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- A drug that inhibits the kinase activity of AKT would MOST likely have which of the following effects? A. Increased GSK-3b activity and increased CyclinD synthesis B. Increased GSK-3b activity and decreased CyclinD synthesis C. Decreased GSK-3b activity and increased CyclinD synthesis D. Decrease GSK-3b activity and decreased CyclinD synthesisarrow_forwardLipid-soluble signaling molecules, such as testosterone, cross the membrane of all cells but only affect target cells because a. intracellular receptors are only present in target cells b. only target cells possess the cytosolic enzymes that transduce the testosterone c. target cells are the only cells that can initiate the phosphorylation cascade leading to the transcription factor d. only target cells retain the appropriate DNA segmentsarrow_forwardThe body produces a normal amount of testosterone. However, a particular cell you are studying has an unusually low number of testosterone receptors. How might the cell's response to testosterone be affected by its low number of testosterone receptors? A. The cell will activate more protein kinases in response to testosterone exposure than a cell with a normal number of testosterone receptors. B. The cell will make less mRNA in response to testosterone exposure. C. The cell will make less cAMP in response to testosterone exposure. D. The cell’s response to testosterone exposure will be identical to the response of a cell with a normal number of testosterone receptors.arrow_forward
- Which of the following statements are correct about cytoplasmic signaling in cancer cells? Multiple answers. A. Only minor modifications of cell control machinery are required for normal cells to become highly proliferating cancer cells B. Immediate early genes are induced in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitors C. Many immediate -early genes are oncogenes D. Delayed early genes are highly expressed in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitors E. Delayed early genes are highly expressed in normal cells in the absence of growth factorsarrow_forwardWhich of the following are charcteristics you would expect of a circulating tumor cell that has undergone Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (select all that apply)? A. Increased N-cahedrin expression B. Increased resistance to apoptosis C. Loss of ability to secrete fibronectin D. High cytokeratin expression E. Elevated PDGF Receptor Expressionarrow_forwardThe frog Xenopus laevis has often served as a model system for the study of apoptosis. Can you think of some reasons that frogs are particularly good models for the study of apoptosis?arrow_forward
- Which of the following is associated with a decrease in cell-cell interactions? Select one: a. loss of MMPs b. loss of basement membrane proteins c. increased integrin expression d. Loss of integrins e. loss of E-cadherinarrow_forwardCancer cells may be more susceptible than normal cells to mitotic catastrophe in response to chemotherapeutic drugs because of which of the following (select all that apply)? A. They express unique receptors for those drugs on their surface B. They may be resistant to apoptosis C. Cancer cells have more efficient DNA repair mechanism than normal cells. D. Only cancer cells are actively dividing E. They may lack key G2/M checkpoint controlsarrow_forwardWhich of the following is the primary method by which cyclin proteins are regulated to influence entry into the cell cycle or transition from one stage to the next? A. Transcriptional upregulation and translation followed by targeted ubiquitin-mediated degradation by a proteasome. B. Phosphorylation to regulate the activity of the kinase site. C. An activating phosphorylation and an inactivating phosphorylation. D. All of these are mechanisms that can be used to regulate cyclins.arrow_forward
- A. The structural characteristics of the CTXA3 protein that allow it to interact with a membrane. B. Why it would preferentially interact with phosphatidylserine-rich membranes. C. How this interaction would cause leakage from the membrane.arrow_forwardReceptor downregulation often occurs via endocytosis as a means of turning off a signaling pathway. How does receptor- mediated endocytosis result in turning off signaling? O A. Receptor-mediated endocytosis shuts off signaling through polyubiquitination and degradation of the receptor by the proteasome. B. It doesn't. Signaling continues until the endosome fuses with the lysosome. ) C. Signaling is shut off rapidly through the budding of endosomes into themselves forming multivesicular bodies. This sequesters the cytoplasmic tail from intracellular signaling proteins. D. Receptor-mediated endocytosis shuts off signaling by sorting receptors to recycling endosomes.arrow_forwardExplain the three stages of cell signaling. a. receptor b. transduction c. response. Attach imagesarrow_forward
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