Chapter 9, Problem 36PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product for the given reaction should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

• Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of $\text{H-X}$ becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.
• Anti- Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regiochemistry where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product for the given reaction should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

• Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of $\text{H-X}$ becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.
• Anti- Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regiochemistry where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product for the given reaction should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

• Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of $\text{H-X}$ becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.
• Anti- Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regiochemistry where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The product for the given reaction should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

• Markovnikov addition: The addition reaction of parotic acids to a different alkene or alkyne, the hydrogen atom of $\text{H-X}$ becomes bonded to the carbon atom that the greatest number of hydrogen atoms in the starting alkene or alkyne.
• Anti- Markovnikov addition: These rules describe the regiochemistry where the substituent is bonded to a less substituted carbon, rather than the more substituted carbon. This placed is quite unusual as carbon cations which are commonly formed during alkene or alkyne reactions tend to favor the more substituted carbon.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The product for the given reaction should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Halogenation additions: The addition of halogens to an alkyne proceeds in the same manner as halogen addition to alkenes. Further the halogen atoms add to an alkyne molecule in a stepwise fashion, leading to the formation of the corresponding alkene, which undergoes further reaction to a tetrahaloalkane.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The product for the given reaction should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Soda amide: The NaNH₂/NH₃ is a strong base and excellent nucleophile. Its used deprotonated of weak acids and also for elimination reaction.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The product for the given reaction should be identified.

Concept Introduction:

Hydrogenation reaction: The hydrogenation is a reduction reaction which results in an addition of hydrogen. Several organic compounds is hydrogenated, it becomes more saturated.

Platinum reduction reaction: The alkenes can be reduced to alkanes with H2 in the presence of metal catalyst (Pt). The two new C-H σ bonds are formed simultaneously from H atoms absorbed into the metal surface. This type of reaction stereospecific giving only the cis (syn) addition product.