Chapter 9, Problem 48P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Among the given reactions, the reaction takes place more rapidly has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

The S_N2 reaction is a type of reaction mechanism in which one bond is broken and one bond is formed i.e., in one step. S_N2 is a kind of nucleophilic substitution reaction mechanism.  The nucleophile attacks the back side of the carbon that is attached to the halogen. Therefore it takes an inversion of configuration.

The configuration of the product is inverted relative to the configuration of the reactant.

Steric effect is the effect due to the groups occupies a certain volume of space.

Steric hindrance is caused by the bulky groups at the site of a reaction that makes it difficult for the reactants to approach each other.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Among the given reactions, the reaction takes place more rapidly has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

The S_N2 reaction is a type of reaction mechanism in which one bond is broken and one bond is formed i.e., in one step. S_N2 is a kind of nucleophilic substitution reaction mechanism.  The nucleophile attacks the back side of the carbon that is attached to the halogen.  Therefore it takes an inversion of configuration.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Among the given reactions, the reaction takes place more rapidly has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

The S_N2 reaction is a type of reaction mechanism in which one bond is broken and one bond is formed i.e., in one step. S_N2 is a kind of nucleophilic substitution reaction mechanism.  The nucleophile attacks the back side of the carbon that is attached to the halogen. Therefore it takes an inversion of configuration.

The configuration of the product is inverted relative to the configuration of the reactant.

Steric effect is the effect due to the groups occupies a certain volume of space.

Steric hindrance is caused by the bulky groups at the site of a reaction that makes it difficult for the reactants to approach each other.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Among the given reactions, the reaction takes place more rapidly has to be identified.

Concept Introduction:

The S_N2 reaction is a type of reaction mechanism in which one bond is broken and one bond is formed i.e., in one step. S_N2 is a kind of nucleophilic substitution reaction mechanism.

The stronger base is always a better nucleophile in an aprotic solvent.

Protic solvent are polar solvent molecules which  have hydrogen bonded to oxygen to nitrogen.

The stronger base is always a better nucleophile in an aprotic solvent.