BIOLOGY CONNECT ACCESS CARD 1-SEMESTER
12th Edition
ISBN: 9781264019090
Author: Raven
Publisher: MCG/CREATE
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Textbook Question
Chapter 9, Problem 6U
Signaling through receptor tyrosine kinases often
a. leads to the production of the second messenger cAMP.
b. leads to the production of the second messenger IP3.
c. stimulates gene expression directly.
d. leads to the activation of a cascade of kinase enzymes.
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Students have asked these similar questions
Scaffold proteins (a) release kinases and phosphatases into the extracellular fluid (b) bind G proteins to cell membranes (c) increase accuracy but slow signaling cascades (d) organize groups of intracellular signaling moleculesinto signaling complexes (e) are transcription factors found mainly in plant cells
Paracrine signaling is characterized by ligands that are
a. produced by the cell itself.
b. secreted by neighboring cells.
c. present on the plasma membrane of neighboring cells.
d. secreted by distant cells.
You stimulated the cell with a ligand and analyzed the response. Upon ligand treatment, the cell increased the expression of gene α and decreased expression of gene β. When you inhibit cyclic AMP production by treating the cell with an inhibitor of Adenylyl cyclase, the increased expression of gene α was not observed but the decrease gene β expression was still observed.
a) What you can expect for gene α regulation by this ligand? What signaling mechanism could be used?
b) To determine how gene β is regulated by the ligand via what signaling mechanism, provide your hypothesis and indicate a potential experiment that you can perform to test that.
Chapter 9 Solutions
BIOLOGY CONNECT ACCESS CARD 1-SEMESTER
Ch. 9.1 - Prob. 1LOCh. 9.1 - Prob. 2LOCh. 9.2 - Prob. 1LOCh. 9.3 - Prob. 1LOCh. 9.3 - Prob. 2LOCh. 9.4 - Prob. 1LOCh. 9.4 - Describe how information crosses the membrane in...Ch. 9.4 - Prob. 3LOCh. 9.4 - Prob. 4LOCh. 9.5 - Prob. 1LO
Ch. 9.5 - Prob. 2LOCh. 9 - Paracrine signaling is characterized by ligands...Ch. 9 - Signal transduction pathways a. are necessary for...Ch. 9 - The function of a ____is to add phosphates to...Ch. 9 - Which of the following receptor types is NOT a...Ch. 9 - How does the function of an intracellular receptor...Ch. 9 - Signaling through receptor tyrosine kinases often...Ch. 9 - Prob. 7UCh. 9 - Which of the following best describes the...Ch. 9 - Prob. 1ACh. 9 - The ion Ca2+ can act as a second messenger because...Ch. 9 - Different receptors can have the same effect on a...Ch. 9 - In comparing small G proteins like Ras and GPCR...Ch. 9 - Prob. 5ACh. 9 - The receptors for steroid hormones and peptide...Ch. 9 - Describe the common features found in all examples...Ch. 9 - The sheet of cells that form the gut epithelium...
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- A hormone signals through a G protein-coupled receptor as shown in the diagram. After the production of IP3, which of these events will MOST quickly stop the transduction of the signal? A. the hydrolysis of IP3 B. the hydrolysis of GTP C. the hydrolysis of PIP2 D. the hydrolysis of the hormonearrow_forwardExplain how a kinase cascade works. Why is this advantageous in the context of hormone signaling?arrow_forwardDopamine, epinephrine (or norepinephrine) and histamine are important neurotransmitter agonists. When these ligands interact with their cellular receptors, how do they mainly elicit their responses? Choose the correct answer(s) and explain why. a) Activate adenylyl cyclase directly, leading to increased intracellular cAMP levels b) Activate phospholipase C c)Induce or inhibit synthesis of ligand specific intracellular proteins d) Open or close ligand gated ion channels e) Regulate intracellular second messengers through G-protein-coupled receptorsarrow_forward
- Binding EGF to the EGF receptor causes phosphorylation of tyrosines on the cytoplasmic tail of the receptor. Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which this phosphorylation activates downstream signaling complexes? Select one A. Causes degradation of receptor by proteasome pathway B. Causes EGF receptor to be internalized so it can interact directly with downstream signaling molecules C. Tyrosine phosphorylation alters 3D structure of downstream signaling proteins causing them to change from an inactive to active conformation D. Causes release of EGF from receptor E. Alters the localization of downstream signaling partners in the cytoplasmarrow_forwardDuring signal transduction (a) the cell converts an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal that leads to a change in some cell process (b) a signaling molecule directly activates or represses several genes (c) each enzymecatalyzes production of one molecule of product (d) enzymes in the signal cascade remain active until the last component of the pathway alters a cellular process (e) the signal is terminated by cyclic AMParrow_forwardDuring signal transduction (a) the cell converts an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal that leads to a change in some cell process (b) a signaling molecule directly activates or represses several genes (c) each enzyme catalyzes production of one molecule of product (d) enzymes in the signal cascade remain active until the last component of the pathway alters a cellular process (e) the signal is terminated by cyclic AMParrow_forward
- 1. A mutation was introduced to the active site of the enzyme in a receptor tyrosine kinase so that it remains active in the absence of a substrate. What is the effect of this mutation on the signal transductionpathway?A. The phosphatase activity of the enzyme will be activated which will lead to receptor dimerization and subsequent cellular response.B. The signal molecule will bind to the receptor and dimerization will occur but the subsequent cellular response will be inhibited.C. The signal molecule will bind to the receptor but dimerization and subsequent cellular response will be inhibited.D. The signal molecule will bind to the receptor which will then triggers receptor dimerization and downstream cellular response. 2. Which of the following is not an advantage of non-coding regions of DNA?A. Some of these regions contain inactivated genes that can be reactivated upon insertion of regulatory sequences by mobile DNA elements.B. Some of these regions protect eukaryotic DNA from…arrow_forwardActivation of certain GPCRs triggers an intracellular signaling mechanism that involves activation of adenlyl cyclase and an increase of cAMP. Which of the following statements best describes the the events that follow such a cAMP increase? a.) The cAMP increase leads to activation of protein kinase C. b.) The cAMP increase leads to activation of the release of the gamma subunit from the GPCR. c.) The cAMP increase leads to activation of protein kinase A.arrow_forwardDown-regulationa. produces a decrease in the number of receptors in the target cells.b. produces an increase in target cells’ sensitivity to a hormone.c. is found in target cells that respond to hormones that are maintainedat constant levels.d. occurs partly because of an increase in receptor synthesis by thetarget cell.e. All of these are correct.arrow_forward
- Amplification of a chemical signal occurs when? a. phosphorylation of proteins by protein kinase receptors is balanced by the immediate removal of phosphate groups by phosphatases b. a receptor in the plasma membrane activates several “first messenger” molecules while a signal molecule is bound to it c. a cAMP molecule activates one protein kinase molecule before being converted to AMP d. a receptor activates a single first messenger and a single second messengerarrow_forwardWhen a signaling molecule binds with a receptor, (a) G proteins are inactivated (b) a third messenger is activated (c) cell signaling is terminated (d) cAMP is produced by the receptor (e) the receptor becomes activatedarrow_forwardExplain how an indirect neurotransmitter receptor mechanism (like A-G linked receptor) conduct cell signaling?arrow_forward
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