Epidermal growth factor receptor

The etiology of breast cancer is unknown. However, hereditary factors are considered the major determinant of individual in risk. Mutation in cancer susceptibility genes such as BRCA1 can be used in the assessment of individuals at risk of developing breast cancer. Breast cancer initiated as a change in single cell. Progression of tumor depends on accumulation of these changes8. Breast cancers are classified by several grading systems. Histopathology grading depends on the histological appearance

Literature Review Patients at early stages of cancer, pre metastasis, can often be cured by surgically removing the tumor. On the other hand, Patients with progressed cancer, which has metastasized, must be treated with systemic therapies. Common therapies used today are radiation and chemotherapy. Although in some cases these treatments are effective in removing tumors, they are not entirely selective towards cells within the tumor and are toxic to the patient. A relatively new approach towards

disease caused by both genetic and non-genetic risk factors. These factors include, mutations in breast cancer-associated genes 1 and 2 (BRCA1 and BRCA2) [1]; loss or aberrant expression of the estrogen receptor (ER) [2]; human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) overexpression [3] ; lack of ER, progesterone receptor (PR), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression[4] ; high levels of receptor for the insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF-1R[5]; and expression of microRNA (miRNA)

can be the drug targets in pathogenesis. MECHANISM OF ACTION Monoclonal antibodies achieve their therapeutic effect through various mechanisms. They can have direct effects in producing apoptosis or programmed cell death. They can block growth factor receptors, effectively arresting proliferation of tumor cells. In cells that express monoclonal antibodies, they can bring about anti-idiotype antibody formation. Indirect effects include recruiting cells that have cytotoxicity, such as monocytes and

of hot flashes when incorporating cayenne pepper into a diet.3 Cancer is also prevalent among menopausal women and a recent study suggests the way capsaicin works in cancer is through its TPVR1 receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor interaction. TPVR1 down regulates epidermal growth factor receptors, which have shown a decrease in skin

Tumour Micro-environment The tumour stroma appears to be a major factor in tumour progression after initial tumour formation (Conklin and Keely, 2007). It initially protects against tumourigenesis; but neoplastic cells cause changes and recruit various other cell lines with a multitude of functions, forming a tumour

Basal-Like (Triple Negative Breast Cancer), Normal-Like, Luminal A, and Luminal B. HER2+ (ER-) breast cancer is less common, but it is very aggressive. HER2 is a gene in our bodies that produces receptor proteins, which are responsible for regulating the growth and repair of breast cells. When these HER2 receptor proteins are expressed too much, it causes excessive reproduction of breast cells. It is thought that African Americans have a higher risk for this type. Basal-Like, or more commonly called,

Genetic signaling pathways in breast cancer: Many gene signaling cascades involve in normal and cancer cell, which makes abnormal changes in the cancer cell. Human epidermal growth factor receptors (HER1 to HER4) are a family of receptors, those expressed in many types of cancer and normal tissues. The HER2 is the dominant TK receptor in breast cancer, approximately 20% of all breast cancers. It is activated by homo- or heterodimerization with other family members, and phosphorylated HER dimmers

chemokine CCL27 also called CTACK (cutaneous T cell-attracting chemokine) is specifically expressed by human epidermal keratinocytes in the skin [118, 119]. CCL27 is expressed in large amounts in basal cells of the epidermis [119]. During the process of epidermal cell differentiation from the basal layer to the skin surface, the expression levels of CCL27 decrease [119]. CCL27 binds to its receptor CCR10 and recruits CLA+ skin-homing memory T cells predominantly to the epidermis [118, 120]. During cutaneous

Basal-Like (Triple Negative Breast Cancer), Normal-Like, Luminal A, and Luminal B. HER2+ (ER-) breast cancer is less common, but it is very aggressive. HER2 is a gene in our bodies that produces receptor proteins, which are responsible for regulating the growth and repair of breast cells. When these HER2 receptor proteins are expressed too much, it causes excessive reproduction of breast cells. It is thought that African Americans have a higher risk for this type (Mandell). Basal-Like, or more commonly