Food dye lab report 2nd submission

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University of Minnesota-Twin Cities *

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1061

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Chemistry

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Jan 9, 2024

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pdf

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Identifying and Replicating the Concentration of Food Dyes in Purple Powerade Through the Use of Spectroscopy, Beer’s Law, and the Dilution Formula Chemistry 1065 Fall 2023 Alex Wu, , , Lucas Harrison Anna Dittrich Katie Reimer

Abstract This experiment aimed to determine the concentration of various food dyes in a purple Powerade. In this experiment, FD&C Blue #1, FD&C Blue #2, FD&C Red #3, and FD&C Red #40 at different dilutions, along with the purple Powerade, were tested with an Ocean Optics spectrophotometer in order to compare and contrast the peak wavelength and absorbance levels to those found in the purple Powerade. Through the use of a spectrophotometer, it was determined that Blue #1(628nm) and Red #40(498.3nm) were used in the drink as the peak wavelengths matched closely with those of the purple Powerade, which had red and blue wavelengths 628nm and 494nm respectively. Calibration curves were then created to find the concentration using Beer’s Law. The resulting calculations found a concentration of 8.75*10^-6M of Red #40 and 3.37*10^-6 concentration of Blue #1 in the drink. Using the dilution formula, trivially, 4.86ml of Red#40, 8.43ml of Blue #1 and 36.7ml of distilled water are needed to recreate the Powerade. The recreated Powerade was then retested and compared to the original to verify accuracy. Introduction Color spectroscopy and spectrophotometry have become essential tools in many scientific fields due to their versatility and ability to accurately determine the composition of the atmosphere and other tissues and objects. A 2020 meta-analysis published in the journal “Progress of Biomedical Engineering,” showed the applications of optical spectroscopy in diagnosing the in vivo disease states of certain tissues without the need for invasive biopsies. When light is delivered in a highly localized state on tissues, certain combinations of optical processes occur 1 . Analysis of these optical processes can rapidly provide in-depth insight into the current pathological state of the tissue 1 , leading to faster, less invasive diagnosis and more

favorable patient outcomes. The tools and applications in this meta-analysis are much more advanced than those used in this paper; however, the fundamental theory and purpose are similar. Color spectroscopy is particularly useful in astronomy and searching for extraterrestrial life in the universe. Every chemical element or molecule produces a specific light spectrum; color spectroscopy equipment allows for the identification and analysis of these wavelengths from distant celestial bodies. NASA’s exoplanet exploration department uses a type of color spectroscopy called transmission spectroscopy in order to find life on other planets. The molecules, methane, oxygen, and water, are all signs of potential life on other planets 2 ; each of these molecules has its own unique color signature, giving astronomers an unmistakable sign of potential life 2 . Color spectroscopy's versatile and easy application provides a fundamental basis for discovering life on other planets and propels the understanding of the nature of the universe forward. The purpose of this experiment is to identify and replicate the concentration of food dyes in an artificially colored beverage using a spectrophotometer, Beer’s Law, and the dilution formula. Due to the nature of this experiment, a hypothesis cannot be provided; however, if the procedure is pertinently followed, the concentration of dyes will be found, and the color of Powerade will be replicated. The contents of this report will elucidate the the procedures followed in the experiment, the calculations done to find the concentration of food dyes in the beverage, and the final result of the experiment. Experimental An artificially colored beverage with 2 different food dyes was obtained. The beverage used in this experiment was a purple Powerade. The Powerade contained red #40 and blue #1 dyes in order to create its light purple color. An Ocean Optics spectrophotometer was used in

order to determine the wavelength and absorbance levels of the dyes in the Powerade. The spectrophotometer was connected to a laptop with LoggerPro software installed. The spectrophotometer was calibrated using a cuvette filled with DI water. After calibration, the cuvette was cleaned, dried, and filled with the Powerade. The software was then run with the Powerade until two peaks occurred on the screen. The data was recorded in a spreadsheet. After calibration and running the drink through the spectrophotometer, 4 dyes, Red #40, Blue #1, Blue #2, and Red #3 at a pre-dilution concentration of 9*10 -5 M were tested. 5 different concentrations of each dye were created. For each dye, a 25ml volumetric flask was filled with water and poured into a beaker, then 25ml of the dye was poured into the beaker in order to create a 50% concentration. This concentration was then measured by filling a cuvette and running it through the spectrophotometer and LoggerPro until a peak occurred, with the data recorded into a spreadsheet. Then, 25ml 50% concentration was disposed of into the sink and replaced with 25ml of DI water to create a 25% concentration. The steps were repeated until the concentration got down to 3.125%. After measuring the wavelength and absorbance values of each concentration, the =max() function in google docs was used in order to find the peak wavelength and absorbance values of each dilution. The peak values of the Red #40 and the Blue #1 dilutions were then plotted to form a linear regression. A trivial manipulation of Beer’s Law leads to the concentration value of the two dyes. A simple bijection of the dilution formula leads to the amount needed for each dye in order to replicate the color of the beverage. The beverage was replicated using 4.86ml of Red #40, 8.43ml of Blue #1, and 36.7ml of water. The replicated color was then tested in the spectrometer and compared to the original color. Data

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