Activity_05_

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Arizona State University *

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102

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Physics

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Oct 30, 2023

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pdf

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4

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PHY101 Lab Activity 5 Energy General Advice Before starting any lab, it is recommended that you read the entire contents, think through the execution, and gather all materials and help you will need. Capturing photos of your work during this lab is easier with another person’s help. Report All uploaded lab reports should contain the following sections: 1. Title - Your name, your ID, and the title of the experiment. If you partnered with other student, include the name and ID of the partner. 2. Introduction - A short intro or outline of the lab (2-3 sentences should be adequate). Results - Your collected data and calculations. It is ok to write these by hand during the experiment, take a picture, and paste it in your document. 3. Photo Documentation - Photographs documenting the experiment, where at least one image contains your ID. 4. Conclusion – A short statement (2-4 sentences) on what you did, what you learned, and how you think that reflects the goals of the lab. 5. Feedback – A short statement (2-3 sentences) on lab difficulty and improvements. Your completed document should be 2-3 pages long. Objective In this activity you will use a pendulum to observe the conversion between kinetic and potential energy and study the limitations that conservation of energy imposes on a system. Materials The following is a simple, non-exhaustive list of items that you will likely need. Phone/camera – to capture your experiment. Lab notebook/computer – to record data and observations. String – to make the pendulum. A small, dense object – to serve as the mass at the end of the pendulum (e.g., a coin with a whole in it, a ring, etc.). This need not be too small, just can’t add too much to the length of the pendulum. Ruler – to measure the length and displacement of the pendulum. Paper – to mark heights. A Support – to provide a stable anchor for the swinging pendulum. This can be a nail/thumbtack on a wall, a hanger, or a curtain rod. Introduction Energy is one of the fundamental quantities in physics. Kinetic energy is associated with the motion of objects: K = ! " mv "
where K is the kinetic energy, m is the mass, and v is the velocity of the object. Potential energy results from the relative position between objects. For example, gravitational potential energy is proportional to the relative position of an object and the center of the Earth. In practice, we simply measure the distance from a reference point at the surface of the Earth, namely, the elevation h of the object. The potential energy U is then U = mgh where m is the mass and g is the free fall acceleration. Energy is a conversed quantity, which imposes restrictions on the motion of an object. For example, a starting total energy E can be split into kinetic and potential components: E = ࠵? + ࠵? = ! " mv " + mgh. Since the minimum kinetic energy possible is always zero, the potential energy can never be larger than E . This means that, in the case where the potential energy is gravitational, there is a maximum elevation h that can be achieved. In this experiment, you will use a pendulum to explore some of the properties of energy. The pendulum will be a small object tied to one end of a string, where the other end of the string is fixed so the object can swing back and forth. If the amplitude of the back-and-forth motion is small compared to the length of the string, the period of the pendulum is given by: T = 2π0 # $ where T is the period (the time for the pendulum to complete one full back-and-forth swing) and L is the length of the string. Note that the period does not depend on the mass of the object used and nor the amplitude of the motion. Consult your textbook for further details and definitions. Procedure This lab has 3 parts – all are required for completion. Each should be straightforward. Part 1. Pendulum properties. In this part you familiarize yourself with the properties of the pendulum. Requirements The determined values for the periods in parts (a-d). A statement, qualitative or quantitative, as to how well the predictions were met. Pictures of your setup. Steps 1. Make a pendulum by attaching a mass to the end of a string of length 1 meter. 2. Pull the pendulum about 10 centimeters back from its rest position. 3. Release the pendulum. Let it swing for 10 seconds, counting the number of back-and-forth swings.
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