Equivalence In Translation Essay

The product of this process reflects a translation that is the shared consensus of a linguistically equivalent protocol across languages and cultures.

inspiration for the composition of the piece, as it was written in French to make use of the language’s sound and enhance its decadence.

\I chose to look at the New King James, New International, New Living Translation and Revised Standard Version, in addition to my original translation choice of English Standard Version. I choose the New King James, New Living Translation, and English Standard Version to compare because I feel they provide the most distinct differences between translations. I found that the textual variations did not change the textual meaning but the emphasis of some parts of the text. We can find in verse one, the NKJ version mentions “they, and certain other women with them” Both the ESV and NLT put all of the women in the same category under the pronoun “they”. This variation of text adds more emphasis on women in the resurrection account. In verse four,

A skill or talent that I have is the ability to speak two languages. I am fluent in both English and Spanish meaning I am able to speak, write and read in both languages. I developed my bilingual skills at a very young age.

A Translator achieves his goal of conveying meaning from source language to target language using equivalence . Translators consider translation process more deeper than exchanging lexical and grammatical terms , when the translator goes far away from nearest linguistic equivalence ,the problems of determining level of equivalence began to rise . As pragmatics studies why sentences are used and the context of utterance and surrounding environment of each sentence in the situation .

Because just a translation is done by human it does not automatically that it is of better quality. Quality comes with education and experience and even than a person cannot know everything. Seeing that humans or machines cannot translate on its own, a combination of these two is necessary to get a qualitative and professional translation. In this way, four different and distinctive methods of translation can be recognized: translation done only by machines, translations done by machine translators which are later revised and edited by human translators, translations done by humans with the assistance of a machine translator and translations done by humans without the involvement of machines

In Lois Lowry’s book The Giver, Lowry presents the idea of sameness. There is a boy named Jonas who is twelve years old and lives in a utopian society. Jonas is chosen as the new receiver of memory, means an old man called him the Giver, who has the all the memories from the past, transfers his memories to Jonas, who shows him love, pain, color, and snow. Sameness is the element of their community where all people follows the same rule. It is basically a total control over everything in order to make it the same and it feels like it is comfortable for everyone and everyone is happy about it. The aim is to establish a peaceful and stable society. And the system is

just as a language has given birth to all who speak it, so all human expression, all alien tongues that ever have been or will be spoken, must be contained in it, at least in the germ . . .There is no trait in any one language which is not at least latent in every other, though it may appear only in dialects, in the vocabularies of trades and callings, or in the chatter of the nursery. The possibility and the function of translating, its can-be, may-be and should-be, are based on this essential oneness of all languages, and on the command springing from that oneness that there shall be communication among all men.

Just as a language has given birth to all who speak it, so all human expression, all alien tongues that ever have been or will be spoken, must be contained in it, at least in the germ . . .There is no trait in any one language which is not at least latent in every other, though it may appear only in dialects, in the vocabularies of trades and callings, or in the chatter of the nursery. The possibility and the function of translating, its can-be, may-be and should-be, are based on this essential oneness of all languages, and on the command springing from that oneness that there shall be communication among all men. (Rosenzweig and Glatzer 254)

Recent theories of equivalence in translation concentrate more on studying equivalence with more concentration on its nature, types, aims, and the best way to accomplish it. In all his works, Peter Newmark (1988; 1993;1998) asserts the importance of the concept of equivalence. In Text Book of Translation (1988), he states different kinds of equivalence: cultural, descriptive, functional, semantic, and communicative. However, he concentrates on the equivalent effect by stating that "Equivalent effect is an important intuitive principle", and "equivalent effect is the desirable result, rather than the aim of any translation."

The two problems encountered in any translation of a text are faithfulness or fidelity and transparency. One provides an accurate translation of the original text, without adding to it or subtracting from it, and the other is concerned with maintaining the grammatical, syntactic and idiomatic

The research found out that not all translations are submitted to revision. From the responses provided by questionnaire respondents and interviewees, it can be said that most of the translation companies focus largely on the revision of in-house translations, whereas few companies seem to concentrate only on the revision of translations produced by freelancers. Among the various reasons for not submitting all translations to revision, the most important one was that there is not always time to revise everything and that quality assurance is not always necessary, especially in the case of outsourced translations as they are expected to be revised by the subcontracting translation company.

The second half of the last century have seen a great advance in translation field ( translation studies discipline ). Which make many translation scholars emphasis on the importantce of knowing the translation theory for the translators since the translation studies become a discipline.Mona Baker stats”

In an ever-changing world, man has to develop a new mechanism, namely translation to enable multicultural communities between countries and nations all over the world. Putting legal translation under the microscope, one will be rocked by unprecedented technicality, which compel all legal translators to search for new theories with a view to mastering these new technicalities as legal translation is very important and its mastery is very difficult.

The rewriting theory is belong to manipulation theory. The concept of "manipulation translation" was firstly used by the contemporary translation theorists Herman, he said that, "From the perspective of the target literature view, all translation  implies a manipulation of the source text for a certain purpose." Later, this view of translation has been developed, and discussed systematically by the famous American writer —— a American comparative literature and translation theorist —— Andre Lefebvre. He put forward the rewriting theory and this theory has had a wide and profound influence in the field of translation. In the book "Translation, Rewriting and the Manipulation of Literary Fame " , Lefevere explained the rewriting