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- Which of the following statements is false? a. GTP is an energy source during various stages of translation. b. In the ribosome, peptidyl transferase catalyzes peptide bondformation between amino acids. c. When the mRNA code UAA reaches the ribosome, there isno tRNA to bind to it. d. A long polypeptide is cut off the tRNA in the A site so its Metamino acid links to the amino acid in the P site. e. Forty-two amino acids of a protein are encoded by 126nucleotides of the mRNA.What property prevents the ligands of cell-surface receptors from entering the cell? The molecules bind to the extracellular domain. The molecules are hydrophilic and cannot penetrate the hydrophobic inferior of the plasma membrane. The molecules are attached to transport proteins that deliver them through the bloodstream to target cells. The ligands are able to penetrate the membrane and directly influence gene expression upon receptor binding.1. What is the central dogma? What are the compounds involved in this process? (Keywords: transcription of DNA to RNA, translation of RNA to proteins; gene expression)
- 3. Briefly describe the function of the following in protein synthesis: a) rRNA, b) tRNA c) mRNA7. Although DNA gets all the glory, it’s actually RNA that does most of the work when cells produce proteins. Explain how RNA is involved in gene expression (i.e., in transcription and translation).1. Why is RNA necessary to act as a messenger? Why can't the code be taken directly from the DNA? How do some cells become brain cells and others become skin cells, when the DNA in ALL the cells is exactly the same? In other words, if the instructions are exactly the same, how does one cell become a brain cell and another a skin cell?
- A gene affecting the behavioral outlook of individuals was discovered in several humans who can overcome anxiety caused by life's problems. Part of the gene that į translated into protein has a sequence 3'-GGATCCCGAATGTAATGCGTGCTC AATGGTAGTACGGC-5'. 1. What is the complementary strand of the DNA? 2. What is the sequence of the MRNA product after translation? 3. What is the sequence of the peptide encoded by the portion of the gene? (Use one letter symbol of amino acids)18) which of the following statements is correct? A proteins make MRNA which then makes genes B genes make proteins which then make mRNA C genes make mRNA which then make proteins d- MRNA is make proteins which then make genes E- MRNAs make genes which then make proteins3. translate the following sequence of messenger RNA nucleotides in a sequence of amino acids forming part of a polypeptide chain a. C-U-G-U-U-U-U-G-C-A-G-U-G-G-U-U b. write the sequence of nucleotides for the portion of a DNA molecule that served as a pattern or template for the formation of the messenger RNA above. c. A certain protein contains the following sequence of amino acids: isoleucine-serine-arginine-glutamic acid-serine-proline-valine-glutamic acid. Using the table found in your text, write the sequence of RNA triplet that would code for this sequence of amino acids. then write the sequence of DNA triplets that would code for the formation of RNA
- 5’ AGGATCAACACCTGTACATGG 3’ 3’ TCCTAGTTGTGGACATGTACC 5’ Label the sense and antisense strands and what direction will the RNA polymerase travel to make the mRNA? Transcribe the DNA into mRNA (Include polarity)and translate the mRNA into a polypeptide chain (Include polarity)1. Classify the type of mutation that have taken place: silent, missense and nonsense as a result of a single base substitution from UCG codon which codes for cysteine:a) AGC (ser): ________b) UGU (cys): ________c) GGC (gly): _______d) UGA (stop): _______e) UUC (phen): _______2. A single base addition and a single base deletion approximately 15 bases apart in the mRNA specifying the protein lysozyme from the bacterial virus T4 caused a change in the protein fromits wil-type composition….lys-ser-pro-ser-leu-asn-ala-ala-lys…..to the mutant form lys-val-his-his-leu-met-ala-alalys.a. Decipher the segment of mRNA for both the original protein and the double mutant.b. Which base was added? Which was deleted?3. Given is the 30 nucleotides in the human gene for hemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying protein in the red blood cells): 5’ TAC-CAC-GTG-GAC-TGA-GGA-CTC-CTC-TTC-AGA 3’a. What is the complementary strand?b. Deduce the mRNA in this coding region.c. What is the amino acid sequence based on this…1) Below are some events that occur in the process of translating mRNA into a protein in a bacterial cell. Pick the best order of events. EF-G–GTP binds to the tRNA in the A site and causes the tRNA to advance to the P site.- The rRNA in the ribosomal 30S subunit base-pairs with the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in the mRNA.- Peptide bond forms between the growing amino acid chain in the P site and the new amino acid in the A site.- IF-3 binds in the E site.- RRF binds in the A site.- RF-1 or -2 binds in the A site.- Ribosomal complex dissociates.- Peptide chain dissociates from final tRNA.- fMET tRNA binds to the start codon in the mRNA.- RF-3–GTP causes displacement of RF-1 or -2 and its exit from the ribosome.- EF-G–GTP binds to the A site and causes RRF to shift to the P site.- A conformational change in the 30S subunit allows the 50S subunit to bind, forming the 70S ribosome. Step 1, 2, 3, 4 ,5 ,6 , 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12