Explain The four neurohumoral inputs to parietal cells that regulate acid secretion by generating second messengers?

Q: What is creatinine, and what might an increase in its concentration in the blood suggest about renal…

A: Kidney is the chief excretory organ in the humans. Nephrons are the structural and functional unit…

Q: What are the mechanisms by which sodium depletion causes an increase in renin secretion?

A: The cells are the primary unit of life. The cells form the tissues which collectively form an organ.…

Q: Aldosterone exerts its effect on the kidneys by increasing its target cells. intracellular cyclic…

A: Distal nephron tubule is the major target of aldosterone stimulating exchange of ions, hence…

Q: After eating an undercooked hamburger, a twenty-five-yearold male developed diarrhea due to…

A: Shiga toxin infection occurs due to eating raw uncooked meat of cattle. Escherichia Coli is the…

Q: Contrast the control of calcium and phosphate ion excretion by PTH?

A: Parathyroid gland is located near the thyroid gland which releases parathyroid hormone(PTH) that…

Q: what are the functions and deficiency features of potassium ?

A: Potassium is a mineral that acts as main intracellular ion. It is maintained by sodium potassium…

Q: What would be the physiological consequence of adisease that destroyed the beta cells of the…

A: The pancreas secretes a number of hormones that regulate the concentration of blood glucose. These…

Q: Explain why some nutrients do not require digestion prior to beingabsorbed.

A: For the proper functioning and growth of the body essential elements and minerals are required.…

Q: What does anitdiuretic hormone do in relation to sodium and water homeostasis?

A: Antidiuretic hormone is also called as vasopressin, it is a hormone which help the kidney in…

Q: Describe the mechanisms controlling the pancreatic secretion ofHCO32 and enzymes?

A: The pancreas is a glandular organ present in the abdominal cavity of the vertebrate. It has both…

Q: By what mechanism does thirst help regulate water intake?

A: Water forms a large portion of the body and 2/3 of water is present within cells called…

Q: Explain anti-diuretic hormone.

A: A chemical substance that is secreted in an organ and carried by the blood to various tissues of the…

Q: Renal tubule cells acidify the urine and parietal cells acidify the stomach contents. In each case…

A: Enzymes are biocatalyst that catalyzes reactions of the body. These are the most important part of…

Q: How does vesicoureteral reflux occur?

A: The three main parts of the urinary system are the kidneys, urinary bladder, and urethra. The…

Q: Explain why abscisic acid is sometimes referred to as astress hormone.

A: Step 1 Plant growth regulators are organic substances, excluding nutrients, which in low…

Q: Why does sweating cause both a decrease in extracellular volume andan increase in body fluid…

A: Dehydration is a net loss of water that results in insufficient water in blood and other tissues.…

Q: What are the main cellularfunctions of potassium?

A: Potassium is an essential mineral, which is important for both cellular and electrical function. It…

Q: List the factors that control renal Na1 and water excretion in response to severe sweating?

A: Ultrafiltration, selective absorption, and reabsorption for nutrients and ions and water during the…

Q: What volume of the diluted ketamine solution should be

A: Patient dose ordered = 40 mg Available concentration= 200 mg in 2 ml Diluted form= 200 mg in 22 ml…

Q: The concentration of urea in urine is always much higher than the concentration in plasma. Does this…

A: Urea is a nitrogenous compound which is a waste material produced during the catabolism of protein…

Q: Why did sodium levels, in the blood, drop to 126 mEq/L? Explain in detail why the sodium levels are…

A: Hyponatremia is the low level of sodium in the blood. It may cause headache, fatigue and confusion.

Q: Describe the processing of the triglycerides in chylomicrons in plasma?

A: Chylomicrons arise from the intestine and they consist of triglycerides. They are small globules of…

Q: Describe the process of controlling Plasma Concentrations of MineralIons?

A: Electrolytes or mineral ions in plasma concentrations include sodium, potassium, chloride,…

Q: Which transporters below are most likely facilitators of the renal elimination of furosemide?

A: The below given figure is of Furosemide which is a potent loop diuretics and is eliminated by renal…

Q: In the normal amphibian embryo, where do we find the highest concentration of Retinoic Acid (RA)?…

A: When an egg is fertilized by a sperm, the embryo is formed. The process of embryo development is…

Q: Why did the addition of ADH also affect the concentration of potassium in the urine (compared with…

A: Aldosterone is a steroid drug. It regulates the balance of minerals in the body. It is produced by…

Q: What methods are used to quantitate urine ketones? Which ketone(s) do they detect?

A: Introduction: Ketone bodies are metabolic products that are produced in excess during the excessive…

Q: How do kidneysparticipate in the regulation ofthe acid-basic equilibrium ofthe body? How are…

A: Kidney is a vital organ of the body that is involved in filtering out waste from the blood,…

Q: Would adding salt to the body’s extracellular fluids increase or decrease osmotic thirst?

A: Osmotic thirst is also known as intracellular dehydration (water loss). It is activated when the…

Q: What is the clinical significance of the presence of glucose in the urine?

A: a. Glucose is a monosaccharide found in fruits, and it is also derived from the breakdown of…

Q: In diabetes mellitus, explain the chain of events that leadto (a) osmotic diuresis, (b) ketoacidosis…

A: The main cause of kidney dysfunction, gangrene, adult blindness, and amputation of limbs is diabetes…

Q: n diabetes mellitus, explain the chain of events that leadto (a) osmotic diuresis, (b) ketoacidosis…

A: Diabetes mellitus result in high blood sugar. Osmotic diuresis is increased urination due to…

Q: Why is glucose normally absent from the urine?

A: Urine is a fluid result of digestion in people and in numerous different creatures. Urine streams…

Q: Write a balanced equation for the neutralization of stomach acid by NahCO3 .

A: Digestion is the process by which large food molecules are broken down to form small water-soluble…

Q: Explain the mechanism by which allopurinol can prevent excess uric acid formation.

A: Allopurinol It is a medication which is used to decrease the production of uric acid. It relieves…

Q: What are the major molecules that serve in the excretion ofnitrogen?

A: The two major component of nitrogen excretion is UREA AND AMMONIA.

Q: How would the lungs and kidneys respond to theingestion of large quantities of antacids?

A: Antacid Antacids are used to treat dyspepsia, gastritis, GERD, ulcers, constipation and so on.…

Q: The kidney has an unusually large demand for glutamine andglutamate. How does the metabolism of…

A: Kidney is the main organ which maintains the blood PH by regulating and maintaining the bicarbonate…

Q: Where is N Acetylmuramic acid located?

A: N-Acetylmuramic acid is a major constituent part of a unique polymer known as peptidoglycan.

Q: creatinine excretion

A: An increased serum creatinine range indicates that the kidneys are not working properly. The…

Q: give a brief description how important Terephthalic acid

A: Terephthalic acid is a natural compound, having formula C₆H₄(CO₂H)₂. This white solid is a product…

Q: (a) Identify the two reactions that allow the kidney to produce NH4+. (b) Which gluconeogenic…

A: The kidney is capable of excreting acid (as ammonium chloride) and generating new bicarbonate (not…

Stress

Stress is defined as the feeling of being overwhelmed or unable to cope with emotional or mental pressure. Any event or action that makes a person annoyed, furious, or nervous can trigger it. Chemical changes in the body caused by stress can cause blood pressure, blood sugar levels, and heart rate to rise.