. If palmitic acid is subjected to complete combustion in a bomb calorimeter, one can calculate a standard free energy of combustion of 9788 kJ/mol. From the ATP yield of palmitate oxidation, what is| the metabolic efficiency of the biological oxidation, in terms of kilo- joules saved as ATP per kilojoule released? (Ignore the cost of fatty acid activation.)
Q: Assuming that the human body has 4 X 10" cells and that ATP is being used at a rate of 10° ATP per…
A: ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the biomolecule that is considered the energy currency of the cells.…
Q: a. Use the values in Problem 23.31 to calculate the energy change in the following reaction.…
A: Carbohydrates are broken down into monosaccharides such as glucose or fructose, which enter…
Q: Glycerophospholipids Phosphatidylethanolamine 1. classify the fatty acids as essential or…
A: Multiple questions asked.I will answer first question, as allowed by guidelines. Essential fatty…
Q: A. Determine the standard Gibbs free energy of the reaction. B. In dying E. coli cells, the…
A: Hexokinase is a initial glycolysis enzyme and rate limiting enzyme, catalyzes the phosphorylation of…
Q: a) Calculate the enzyme and specific activity of a reaction with 3 pM Hsp90 using the following…
A: An enzyme is a protein that speeds up chemical reactions. Enzymes are involved in all the body's…
Q: With basic knowledge and understanding in biochemical energy production now, recall your last meal,…
A: Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen which are connected by the…
Q: Many metabolites are maintained at steady-state concentrations that are far from equilibrium. A…
A: Free energy of Gibb's free energy indicates the portion of the total energy of a system that is…
Q: Given what you know about the involvement of nicotinamide nucleotides inoxidative and reductive…
A: NADP+ and NADPH are similar to NAD+ and NADH, respectively,except that the NADP+ and NADPH has an…
Q: In living cells, one mole of glucose undergoes a complete oxidation. (a). How many moles of ATP…
A: To get the remaining sub-parts solved, please repost the complete question and mention the…
Q: a) Write the general equation for cellular respiration. i) Based on the equation in 3a, what happen…
A: Introduction Three Processes Are Involved In Cellular Respiration: 1. Glycolysis Is The Process Of…
Q: The relationship of free-energy change (AG) to the concentrations of reactants and products is…
A: Introduction Adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) is an essential "energy molecule" found in all living…
Q: DCCD (diocyclohexylcarbodiimide) inhibits oxidative phosphorylation when the substrate is…
A: Almost all aerobic organisms (those that require oxygen to survive) use oxidative phosphorylation in…
Q: Given: One way to think about the hexokinase is that it couples the hydrolysis of ATP (AG° - -30.5…
A: Hexokinase: Hexokinase phosphorylate Glucose to Glucose-6-PO4 by utilizing one molecule of ATP. Here…
Q: The standard free energy variation of the ATP hydrolysis reaction is ΔGº’ = -30.5 kJ / mol ATP + H2O…
A: Given Values: ∆G°' = -30.5 kJ/mol[Pi] = 1.6 mM∆G = -50.2 kJ/mol
Q: highly negative free energy change in part because the negative charges on the
A: K= [Products] / [Reactants] So here concentration of product is high. So it's nothing to do with…
Q: The three carbons in lactate and alanine have identical oxidation states, and animals can use either…
A: Lactate is converted to pyruvate via enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. Pyruvate is then oxidised to CO2…
Q: What terms would best describe the above coupled reaction? (If the DGo for ATP hydrolysis into ADP +…
A: The Gibbs free energy change determines whether a biochemical reaction is favorable or not. It…
Q: ATP Synthase is known to catalyze the synthesis of ATP with a ΔG°’ close to zero, and a Keq' close…
A:
Q: Determine the total yield of ATP for the complete oxidation of 1 molecule of 3-phosphoglycerate.…
A: 3-phosphoglycerate is an intermediate of glycolytic pathway.
Q: The oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water is a major source of energy in aerobic organisms. It is a…
A: Cellular respiration is a catabolic pathway of the process of metabolism, where a series of chemical…
Q: a) What happens during the two phases of glycolysis? Write the reaction steps of glycolysis showing…
A: Cellular respiration is the process by which energy in the from of ATP is obtained from nutrients by…
Q: A camel hump contains 12 kg of triacylgylcerols. (a) Given that there are 0.491 moles of ATP per…
A: Triacyl-glycerols are the storage form of energy in the body. The triglycerides are hydrolyzed to…
Q: Compare the metabolic efficiencies of complete oxidation of fat (use…
A: Glycolysis is a process in which one molecule of glucose is converted to two molecules of…
Q: Glucose 1-phosphate is converted into fructose 6-phosphate in two successive reactions. Reaction 1:…
A:
Q: Consider the following equilibrium at 25ºC :Glucose-1-Phosphate Glucose-6-PhophateUsing the…
A: The change in Gibbs free energy ∆G0 is a thermodynamics potential that is used to calculate the free…
Q: Many metabolites are maintained at steady‑state concentrations that are far from equilibrium. A…
A: Cellular respiration is a catabolic pathway of the process of metabolism, where a series of chemical…
Q: Walking consumes approximately 100 kcal/mi. In the hydrolysis of ATP (ATP → ADP + Pi), the reaction…
A: The energy currency of a living cell is called ATP. It is then hydrolyzed into ADP or AMP. The…
Q: Most biochemists agree that the most accurate number of H+ needed to generate one ASP is blank.…
A: Two ATP were formed as a result of glycolysis, two NAD+ were reduced to two NADH + H+, and glucose…
Q: Biochemists consider the citric acid cycle to be the cen-tral reaction sequence in metabolism. One…
A: Introduction: The TCA is one of the major steps in cellular respiration for the production of ATP.
Q: is glycolysis possible with such a large, positive ΔG°', when cells are governed by the laws of…
A: Thermodynamic reactions The word thermodynamics is a combination of two words that is "Thermo"…
Q: Assume that in a certain cell, the ratio of products/reactants or Keq - 809.5 (Keq is dimensionless)…
A: Enzymatic reactions usually follow the Michaelis-Menten kinetics except for the allosteric enzymes.…
Q: The free energy change of each step of glycolysis is given in the table below. ∆G°’ is the free…
A:
Q: Plants convert carbon dioxide and water to glucose 1C6H12O62 and oxygen in the process of…
A: photosynthesis is the process of conversion of light energy into chemical energy in the presence of…
Q: Undergoing moderate activity, an average person will generate about 350 kJ of heat per hour. Using…
A: Fat composed of fatty acids and triglycerides. Fat is an important energy source for living…
Q: r a 12-carbon saturated fatty acid, calculate the following: er of acetyl COA er of NADH produced…
A: In one pass through the fatty acid oxidation sequence one molecule of acetyl coenzyme A, 2 pairs of…
Q: An average middle-aged person weighing 90 kg (200 lb.) contains 15 % body fat stored in adipose…
A: procedure: Find the bodyweight of persons and yet find the mass of fat From those values Calculate…
Q: a. Write the products obtained from one cycle of beta oxidation. b. How many cycles of beta…
A: Beta oxidation is oxidation of fatty acid at beta carbon. It is divided into three stages:…
Q: 9. The equation below depicts the first step of the citric acid cycle. CH-C H,O CoA-SH CH3 + 0-C-COO…
A: The citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle is a final common metabolic pathway of carbohydrates, fats, and…
Q: Determine how many ATP are formed in the complete oxidation of 1 mole of succinate. Include the ATP…
A: ATP production is aerobic respiration that happens through the electron transport chain as well. In…
Q: a. How much free energy is wasted, under standard conditions? b. How many more ATP molecules could…
A: Introduction: a. 60 kJ/mol free energy is wasted under standard conditions. b. Two more ATP…
Q: Suppose that in a cell, the actual concentration of glucose-6-phosphate is 3.9 x 10- M, and the…
A: Respiration is an oxidative process, in which free energy is released from the respiratory…
Q: Number these compounds in order from lowest to highest actual physiological reduction potential.…
A: Electron transport chain of mitochondria consists of four complexes termed as I, II, III and IV. The…
Q: Consider the following phosphoryl group transfer reaction which is the first step in glucose…
A: The cell's initial mechanism for breaking down glucose for energy is called "glycolysis." There are…
Q: Calculate the total energetics involved in the complete beta-oxidation of one mole of 19C fatty…
A: A fatty acid contains a long hydrocarbon chain with a terminal carboxylate group. The hydrocarbon…
Q: Free energy changes under intracellular conditions differ markedly from those determined under…
A: ATP(adenosine triphosphate) is a high energy phosphate molecule which is said to be the unit of…
Q: ATP + H20 --> ADP + Pi AGO' = -30.5 kJ/mol 1,3-biphosphoglycerate + H20 --> phosphoglycerate + Pi…
A: Cellular respiration includes a batch of metabolic reactions that converts chemical energy from…
Q: Consider the malate dehydrogenase reaction from the citric acid cycle. Given the listed…
A: Malate dehydrogenase is citric acid cycle enzyme (metabolism) catalyzes the oxidation of malate into…
Trending now
This is a popular solution!
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps with 1 images
- If palmitic acid is subjected to complete combustion in a bomb calorimeter, one can calculate a standard free energy of combustion of 9788 kJ/mol. From the ATP yield of palmitate oxidation, what is the metabolic efficiency of the biological oxidation, in terms of kilojoules saved as ATP per kilojoule released? (Ignore the cost of fatty acid activation.)Consider the oxidation of this compound:C3H5O3(OC4H7)3 + 18.5O2 → 15CO2 + 13H2O + 1, 941 kcal.a) Find the respiratory exchange ratio (RER), calorific equivalent, and energy release if theO2 is 2 liters/min. Are these values representative of fat? Why or why not? b) If the activity involves running for 45 minutes, how much kcal is expended?The complete combustion of palmitate and glucose yields 9781 kJ ∙ mol−1 and 2850 kJ ∙ mol−1 of free energy, respectively. Compare these values to the free energy (as ATP) obtained though catabolism of palmitate and glucose under standard conditions. Which process is more efficient?
- Given what you know about the involvement of nicotinamide nucleotides inoxidative and reductive metabolic reactions, predict whether the followingintracellular concentration ratios should be 1, > 1, or < 1. Explain youranswers.(a) [NAD+] >[NADH](b) [NADP+] >[NADPH](c) Since NAD+ and NADP+ are essentially equivalent in their tendency to attract electrons, discuss how the two concentration ratios might bemaintained inside cells at greatly differing values.Under standard conditions, NADH reoxidation by the electron-transport chain has a free-energy change equal to –220 kJ/mol. With 100% efficiency, how many ATP could be synthesized under standard conditions? What is the "actual" efficiency given these numbers?Calculate how many moles of ATP can be made in standard conditions when 1 mole of protons flow back into the mitochondrial matrix through the ATP synthase. Assume that: i) the matrix pH is 7.8, ii) the cytosolic pH is 7.2, iii)ΔE=0.168 V (inside negative), iv) T=37°C, and v) the standard free energy change for the hydrolysis of 1 mole of ATP is -31.3 kJ/mol.
- ATP Synthase is known to catalyze the synthesis of ATP with a ΔG°’ close to zero, and a Keq' close to. Why is the value of ΔG°’ different from the known value which is 30.5 kJ/mol (the energy for the reverse of ATP hydrolysis)? If the Keq' value is close to one, how is it ensured that the reaction is driven to the product side and more ATP is obtained?Calculate the standard free-energy change, deltaG'o, for the reaction in which acetaldehyde is reduced by the biological electron carrier NADH in the reaction acetaldehyde + NADH + H+ → ethanol + NAD+. Then calculate the actual free-energy change, deltaG, when the acetaldehyde is 1.51 M, the NADH is 1.02 M, the ethanol is 0.13 M and the NAD+ is 0.19 M, at 33.35oC and pH = 7. Give the actual free-energy change in kJ/mol to one decimal place. See Table 13-7b for the E'o values.Calculate the standard free-energy change, deltaG'o, for the reaction in which acetaldehyde is reduced by the biological electron carrier NADH in the reaction acetaldehyde + NADH + H+ → ethanol + NAD+. Then calculate the actual free-energy change, deltaG, when the acetaldehyde is 1.51 M, the NADH is 1.02 M, the ethanol is 0.13 M and the NAD+ is 0.19 M, at 33.35oC and pH = 7. Give the actual free-energy change in kJ/mol to one decimal place. See Table 13-7b for the E'o values. please provide comprehensive explaination with each step.
- A direct measurement of the standard free-energy change associated with the hydrolysis of ATP is technically demanding because the minute amount of ATP remaining at equilibrium is difficult to measure accurately. The value of ΔG′° can be calculated indirectly, however, from theequilibrium constants of two other enzymatic reactions having less favorable equilibrium constants:Using this information for equilibrium constants determined at 25 °C, calculate the standard free energy of hydrolysis of ATP.Biochemists consider the citric acid cycle to be the cen-tral reaction sequence in metabolism. One of the key steps isan oxidation catalyzed by the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenaseand the oxidizing agent NAD. Under certain conditions, thereaction in yeast obeys 11th-order kinetics Rate=k[enzyme][isocitrate]⁴[AMP]²[NAD⁺]m[Mg²⁺]² What is the order with respect to NAD⁺?The standard free energy variation of the ATP hydrolysis reaction is ΔGº’ = -30.5 kJ / mol ATP + H2O ⇄ ADP + Pi In red blood cells, when the concentration of Pi is 1.6 mM, the real change in energy free is ΔG = - 50'2 kJ / mol. a) Calculate under these conditions what is the ratio [ATP] / [ADP] in the red blood cells. b) Determine the equilibrium constant K 'of the reaction outlined above. c) If the ADP concentration were 0.2mM, what would be the effective concentration of ATP corresponding to equilibrium.