- Spontaneous mutation in genome Vertical gene transfer (a) Mutation Plasmid transfer FIGURE 8.1 Mechanisms of Genetic Vertical gene transfer Change in Bacteria (a) Mutation. (b) Horizontal transfer of plasmid- encoded genes; other DNA can be transferred horizontally as well. ? Which would have a greater effect on an organlsm's genotype-mutatlon or horizontal gene transfer? (b) Horizontal gene transfer

- Spontaneous mutation in genome Vertical gene transfer (a) Mutation Plasmid transfer FIGURE 8.1 Mechanisms of Genetic Vertical gene transfer Change in Bacteria (a) Mutation. (b) Horizontal transfer of plasmid- encoded genes; other DNA can be transferred horizontally as well. ? Which would have a greater effect on an organlsm's genotype-mutatlon or horizontal gene transfer? (b) Horizontal gene transfer

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Description: Which would have a greater effect on an organism’s genotype—mutation or horizontal gene transfer? - Spontaneousmutation in genomeVertical gene transfer(a) MutationPlasmid transferFIGURE 8.1 Mechanisms of GeneticVertical gene transferChange in Bacteri

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter14: Dna Structure And Replication

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 13TYK

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On further analysis of the DNA described in conceptual questionC21, you discover that the triplex DNA in this alien organism iscomposed of a double helix with a third strand wound within themajor groove (just like the DNA in Figure shown). How would youpropose that this DNA is able to replicate itself? In your answer,be specific about the base-pairing rules within the double helixand which part of the triplex DNA would be replicated first.
4. In two isolates (one is resistant to ampicillin and theother is sensitive to ampicillin) of a new bacterium,you found that genes encoding ampicillin resistanceare being transferred into the sensitive strain.a. How would you know that gene transfer is takingplace?b. To determine if the gene transfer is transformationor transduction, you treat the mixed culture of cellswith DNase. Why would this treatment distinguishbetween these two modes of gene transfer? Describethe results predicted if the gene transfer is transformation versus transduction.c. To determine if the gene transfer involves transformation, conjugation, or transduction, you separatethe ampicillin-resistant and ampicillin-sensitivestrains by a membrane with pores that are smallerthan the size of a bacterium, but larger than thesizes of bacteriophage or DNA fragments. If genetransfer is still observed, what mechanisms arepossibly involved and which are excluded?
3. Now that the sequence of the entire E. coli K12 straingenome (roughly 5 Mb) is known, you can determineexactly where a cloned fragment of DNA came fromin the genome by sequencing a few bases and matching that data with genomic information.a. About how many nucleotides of sequence information would you need to determine exactly where afragment is from?b. If you had purified a protein from E. coli cells,roughly how many amino acids of that proteinwould you need to know to establish which geneencoded the protein?c. You determine 100 nucleotides of sequence ofgenomic DNA from a different E. coli strain, butyou cannot find a match in the E. coli K12 genomesequence. How is this possible?
The modular nature of eukaryotic activator proteinsgave scientists an idea for a way to find proteins thatinteract with any particular protein of interest. Theidea is to use the protein–protein interaction to bringtogether a DNA-binding region with an activation region, creating an artificial activator that consists oftwo polypeptides held together noncovalently by theinteraction.The method is called the yeast two-hybrid system,and it has three components. First, the yeast contains areporter gene construct in which UASG (an enhancerlike sequence that binds the activator Gal4 as describedin Problem 8) drives the expression of an E. coli lacZreporter (encoding the enzyme ß-galactosidase) from ayeast promoter. Second, the yeast also expresses a fusion protein in which the DNA-binding domain of Gal4is fused to the protein of interest; this fusion protein iscalled the bait. The third component is a cDNA librarymade in plasmids, where each cDNA is fused in frameto the activation domain of…
Multiple Replication Forks in E. coli II On the basis of Figure 28.2, draw a simple diagram illustrating replication of the circular E. coli chromosome (a) at an early stage, (b) when one-third completed, (c) when two-thirds completed, and (d) when almost finished, assuming the initiation of replication at oriC has occurred only once. Then, draw a diagram showing the E. coli chromosome in problem 3 where the E. coli cell is dividing every 20 minutes.
Draw the structure of the double Holliday junctionthat would result from strand invasion by both ends of thebroken duplex into the intact homologous duplex shownin Figure Q5–3. Label the left end of each strand in the Hol-liday junction 5ʹ or 3ʹ so that the relationship to the paren-tal and recombinant duplexes is clear. Indicate how DNAsynthesis would be used to fill in any single-strand gaps inyour double Holliday junction.
1)Explain why there is a part of the Lacz gene in pUC18119 and also how the natural biochemical process wherein it normally functions is used during cloning by molecular biology. 2)Write down the basepairs of double-stranded ONA that is generated at the joint between a plasmid that is digested with Xhol and a DNA fragment that is digested with Sall and joined by DNA-ligase. Indicate the 5'- and 3'- termini of each strand.
Researchers who study the molecular mechanism of transformationhave identified many proteins in bacteria that function in theuptake of DNA from the environment and its recombination intothe host cell’s chromosome. This means that bacteria have evolvedmolecular mechanisms for the purpose of transformation by extracellularDNA. What advantage(s) does a bacterium derive from importing DNA from the environment and/or incorporating it into its chromosome?
3a) In eukaryotic cells that lack telomerase, the telomeres at the ends of the chromosomes gradually get shorter with each round of DNA replication. Describe or explain why the "normal" DNA replication machinery, excluding telomerase, can't completely and accurately replicate all the DNA at the ends of linear chromosomes. Please note that the question does NOT ask you to describe what telomerase does - it asks you to explain why cells without telomerase have this problem.
2AQ:You are cloning the genome of a new DNA virus into pUC18.You plate out your transformants on ampicillin plates containing X-gal and pick one bluecolony and one white colony. When you check the size of the inserts in each plasmid (blueand white), you are surprised to find that the plasmid from the blue colony contains a verysmall insert of approximately 60 bp, while the plasmid from the white colony does notappear to contain any insert at all. Explain these results.
transduction.2. Explain how each of these three methods of genetransfer can be used to map bacterial genes
You are working with a recA- strain of E. coli (cannot produce functional RecA, nor carry out homologous recombination). In which horizontal gene transfer process(es) could cells of this strain successfully undergo genetic change? In conjugation, as a recipient of a portion of chromosomal DNA from a Hfr donor. In conjugation, as a recipient of a plasmid from a F+ donor. In natural transformation, as a recipient of a portion of chromosomal DNA. There are no HGT processes that could result in genetic change of this strain. In generalized transduction, as a recipient of a portion of chromosomal DNA.