Starting with citrate formed immediately after reaction of [2-14c]acetyl-SCOA with OAA, 1. (a) write, using structural formulas, the sequence of TCA cycle intermediates. Indicate the position of the 14C atom in each intermediate. Do not name enzymes or cofactors catalyzing the reactions.
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![1. (a)
write, using structural formulas, the sequence of TCA cycle intermediates. Indicate the position of the
14C atom in each intermediate. Do not name enzymes or cofactors catalyzing the reactions.
Starting with citrate formed immediately after reaction of [2-14C]acetyl-SCOA with OAA,](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F24b1d657-8a50-4e7c-90a8-6e71b5a64daf%2F11beaaf2-7db5-4507-bd0d-1fdc95f329eb%2F51w8pea_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
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- Beginning with the 1st tetrahedral intermediate, show the complete steps in chymotrypsin mechanism that occurs to form the 2nd chymotrypsin intermediate in the chymotrypsin active site. The substrate for chymotrypsin to be used is Ala-Tyr-Gly. Further, name the amino acid(s) that would be released as a result of the reactions you'd illustrated above.If you were to determine the P/O ratio for oxidation of a-ketoglutarate, you would probably include some malonate in your reaction system. Why? Under these conditions, what P/O ratio would you expect to observe?A simple enzymatic reaction proceeds as follows. E+S↔E.S→ E+P Derive the Michaelis–Menten equation for this reaction.
- Draw the enediolate intermediate of the ribulose-5-phosphate isomerasereaction (Ru5P → R5P).If you were to determine the P/O ratio for oxidation of α-ketoglutarate,you would probably include some malonate in your reaction system. Why?Under these conditions, what P/O ratio would you expect to observe?In Bacillus subtilis, threonine is metabolized by the following sequence of reactions: (a) oxidation; (b) decarboxylation;(c) transamination; and (d) oxidation to produce pyruvate. Outline this sequence of steps, show the structures of thesubstances, use abbreviations for the cofactors, and show any enzyme-bound coenzymes. What type of enzyme bound intermediate is likely for reaction (d)?
- Given each set of information which may include common name(s) and the reaction catalyzed, you are required to identify the main class of the specific enzyme described. _____________________1. Name: alkaline phosphataseReaction: a phosphate monoester + H2O = an alcohol + phosphate_____________________2. Reaction: L-threonine = D-threonine.Other information: Inverts both chiral centers, a racemase. _____________________3. Name: glycine-N-acylaseReaction: acyl-COA + glycine = CoA + N-acylglycine_____________________ 4. Name: lysine decarboxylaseReaction: L-lysine = cadaverine + CO2 _____________________5. Name: methanol dehydrogenaseReaction: methanol + NAD+ = formaldehyde + NADH + H+ _____________________6. Name: citryl-CoA synthetaseReaction: ATP + citrate + CoA = ADP + phosphate + (3S)-citryl-CoA_____________________7. Name: D-xylulose reductaseReaction: xylitol + NAD+ = D-xylulose + NADH + H+ _____________________8. Name: cellobiose phosphorylaseReaction: cellobiose phosphate =…How can we test the validity of the mechanism proposed for the catalytic triad?In 1937, two German biochemists published a paper proposing these reactions as part of glucose oxidation: citrate → isocitrate → α-ketoglutarate →succinate → fumarate → malate → oxaloacetate. Adding succinate, fumarate, or malate to thin slices of tissue increased oxygen consumption, supporting the hypothesis that these molecules are intermediates in the process. However, they were puzzled by the observation that these intermediates were still present in the reaction mixture at the end of the experiment. They had thought that intermediates would be consumed as they were converted to the next molecule in the pathway. What explains the observation that these intermediates were still present? a) The pathway is a cycle, constantly regenerating intermediates as glucose is broken down. b) Succinate, fumarate, and malate are not reactants but catalysts, and catalysts are not consumed in the process. c) Succinate, fumarate, and malate increase metabolism and therefore oxygen consumption,…
- Glucose fermentation in yeast produces ethanol as a wasteproduct. In contrast, Clostridium acetobutylicum producesbutanol. Suggest a possible sequence of reactions that wouldproduce butyl alcohols.Write out the balanced chemical equation for the FIRST round of oxidation of C16:cis-9.The metabolism of alcohol pathway is showed in the figure characterized by biotransformation of: (Figure : Ethanol Metabolism Pathway - ADH : Alcohol dehydrogenases, ALDH: Aldehyde dehydrogenase ) (a) reaction phase I with two oxidations (b) reaction phase II with oxidation and sulfonation (c) reaction phase II with two hydrolysations (d) reaction phase II with two oxidations (e) reaction phase I with hydrolysis and oxidation